2 10 16 https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/b3fd8091b28410af96c881bc015ecc4a.jpg e8c06a440fc1e650e011c82b024c2a95 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Civil War and Reconstruction Description An account of the resource The Civil War was undoubtedly one of the most important events in American history. The war challenged not only the issue of slavery, but the also the balance of federal versus state powers and the power of constitutional government. In the end, not only did the war preserve the Union as Lincoln had spoken of, but it also freed nearly four million African Americans from slavery. The war also highlighted stark differences in regions of the country. These differences ranged from political to religious to economic. There were many cases of brother fighting brother, neighbor fighting neighbor, and men who had previously been in the United States military service choosing to fight for the Confederacy, most notably, Robert E. Lee. The war also saw an increase in battlefield news coverage and photography, along with the first assassination of an American President. Following the war, the nation was faced with the problem of Reconstruction. The 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments were aimed towards providing full equality for African Americans, but did face opposition on many levels. Despite headway, the North and the South both had strong objections to Radical Reconstruction and full social and racial democratization. Many Americans opposed the idea of redistributing wealth and were still in favor of strong local rights and government. In some cases, Reconstruction increased the racial divide, giving rise to movements such as the KKK. Learn more in the National History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1850-1877 Person An individual. Birth Date 1818 Birthplace Richmond Death Date 1900 Occupation Civic Leader Bibliography Image Courtesy of the Friends Association of Children. Biographical Text The daughter of a slave and an unidentified white man, Lucy Goode (September 13, 1818-October 7, 1900) learned to read during slavery, a skill she taught to Albert Royal Brooks, another Richmond slave whom Goode’s owner permitted her to marry on 2 February 1839. Lucy Brooks and her three youngest children were sold in 1858 to Daniel Van Groning, who allowed Albert Brooks to pay him in installments for their freedom. In Richmond’s business district, Lucy Brooks found three local men to buy her older sons. A fourth buyer purchased her eldest daughter, but he broke his pledge to keep her in Richmond and sold the girl to slavery in Tennessee. Albert Brooks was a successful black businessman, but it took him four years to earn the money to buy his wife and three children. The deed of manumission was dated 21 October 1862. The older boys became free when the Union army occupied Richmond in April 1865. After Emancipation, former slaves flocked to Richmond seeking work and looking for missing family members. Lucy Brooks saw children separated from their parents and abandoned by former masters. Having lost a daughter to the slave trade, she had a special concern for the plight of parentless children. A leader of the Ladies Sewing Circle for Charitable Work, she convinced the group that a home for orphans was a worthy project. She also obtained support from the local Cedar Creek Meeting of the Society of Friends and won the backing of several black churches. The orphanage building was completed in 1871 on a lot deeded by the city three years earlier. The General Assembly incorporated the Friends’ Asylum for Colored Orphans in March 1872. The orphanage operated until 1932, when the organization became a child-placement agency working with foster families. In the twenty-first century, the renamed Friends’ Association for Children operates family support centers in Richmond. The Lucy Brooks Foundation, created in 1984 to raise funds for the association, was named in honor of its founder. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/trailblazers-2007" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2007</a> African American Trailblazers honoree, Library of Virginia. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Lucy Goode Brooks Subject The topic of the resource African American Trailblazers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007 African American Trailblazers Honoree Description An account of the resource Born enslaved, Lucy Goode Brooks founded the Friends' Asylum for Colored Orphans in Richmond. Community Leadership and Philanthropy https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/8c7f93ed63f37006b1335a0ed3139398.jpg d369866a7ef213d9571aeda0ee003593 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Civil War and Reconstruction Description An account of the resource The Civil War was undoubtedly one of the most important events in American history. The war challenged not only the issue of slavery, but the also the balance of federal versus state powers and the power of constitutional government. In the end, not only did the war preserve the Union as Lincoln had spoken of, but it also freed nearly four million African Americans from slavery. The war also highlighted stark differences in regions of the country. These differences ranged from political to religious to economic. There were many cases of brother fighting brother, neighbor fighting neighbor, and men who had previously been in the United States military service choosing to fight for the Confederacy, most notably, Robert E. Lee. The war also saw an increase in battlefield news coverage and photography, along with the first assassination of an American President. Following the war, the nation was faced with the problem of Reconstruction. The 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments were aimed towards providing full equality for African Americans, but did face opposition on many levels. Despite headway, the North and the South both had strong objections to Radical Reconstruction and full social and racial democratization. Many Americans opposed the idea of redistributing wealth and were still in favor of strong local rights and government. In some cases, Reconstruction increased the racial divide, giving rise to movements such as the KKK. Learn more in the National History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1850-1877 Person An individual. Birth Date 1820 Birthplace Essex Death Date 1871 Occupation Member of the Virginia Convention Bibliography Image courtesy of the Library of Virginia. Biographical Text William Breedlove (ca. 1820-June 15, 1871), son of a white man and a free African American woman, worked as a blacksmith in Tappahannock. A literate man, he accumulated real estate and personal property and may have begun operating a ferry service across the Rappahannock River by 1860. In November 1863 Breedlove and William Chandler, his free black employee, transported an African American man across the river under the impression that he had a pass authorizing him to travel, when in fact he was a runaway slave. The ferrymen were arrested and convicted in Essex County of assisting in a slave’s escape. The penalty prescribed by law was that both men be "sold into absolute slavery." The prosecuting attorney and some of the justices of the peace who convicted Breedlove and Chandler recommended gubernatorial clemency, believing they had not known that the man was a slave. Other local dignitaries described Breedlove as a valuable member of the community. Governor John Letcher pardoned him in December 1863. These legal travails may have sparked Breedlove’s postwar political activism. In October 1867 blacks in Essex and Middlesex Counties selected him as their candidate for the state constitutional convention. In the election, Breedlove received votes from only three white men, but black voters outnumbered white voters in both counties, and he easily defeated the white candidate. During the convention Breedlove sat on the Committee on Taxation and Finance. He served inconspicuously and voted consistently with the Radical majority. In July 1869 the military commander in Essex County appointed Breedlove one of six new justices of the peace for the county. Breedlove also served on the town council of Tappahannock, and his appointment in March 1870 as postmaster there outraged many local whites. He stepped down as postmaster in March 1871, possibly because of failing health. William Breedlove died of "Brain Fever" three months later. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/trailblazers-2007" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2007</a> African American Trailblazers honoree, Library of Virginia. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource William Breedlove Subject The topic of the resource African American Trailblazers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007 African American Trailblazers Honoree Description An account of the resource A free African American before the Civil War, William Breedlove won election in 1867 to a convention called to rewrite Virginia's state constitution. Government and Law https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/3541c54f31727dd4d2a2da5f7bae091d.jpg 9508fa3134c97710a4c2b73637890a4f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Civil War and Reconstruction Description An account of the resource The Civil War was undoubtedly one of the most important events in American history. The war challenged not only the issue of slavery, but the also the balance of federal versus state powers and the power of constitutional government. In the end, not only did the war preserve the Union as Lincoln had spoken of, but it also freed nearly four million African Americans from slavery. The war also highlighted stark differences in regions of the country. These differences ranged from political to religious to economic. There were many cases of brother fighting brother, neighbor fighting neighbor, and men who had previously been in the United States military service choosing to fight for the Confederacy, most notably, Robert E. Lee. The war also saw an increase in battlefield news coverage and photography, along with the first assassination of an American President. Following the war, the nation was faced with the problem of Reconstruction. The 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments were aimed towards providing full equality for African Americans, but did face opposition on many levels. Despite headway, the North and the South both had strong objections to Radical Reconstruction and full social and racial democratization. Many Americans opposed the idea of redistributing wealth and were still in favor of strong local rights and government. In some cases, Reconstruction increased the racial divide, giving rise to movements such as the KKK. Learn more in the National History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1850-1877 Person An individual. Birth Date ca. 1817 Birthplace Richmond and Alexandria Death Date 1897 Occupation Baptist Minister and Republican Party Leader Biographical Text Fields Cook (ca. 1817-January 21, 1897) was born into slavery in King William County and rose to become a prominent African American leader in Richmond and Alexandria. In 1847 he began writing a narrative of his life, one of the longest manuscripts known to have been composed by an enslaved Virginian. Part of the memoir survives at the Library of Congress. He received permission about 1834 to live in Richmond, where he presumably participated in the illegal but common system of self-hiring. He married an enslaved domestic servant named Mary and became the father of at least three children. Gaining his freedom by 1850, he had managed by 1860 to free most of his family. After the Civil War, Cook became a Baptist minister and emerged as one of the most important African American leaders in Richmond. In 1865 when federal military authorities imposed harsh regulations on freedpeople, Cook and other leaders collected evidence of military and civilian misbehavior and called a mass meeting. Cook chaired the delegation chosen to present their case to the governor and to the president of the United States. Cook represented Richmond in the first state convention of African Americans. He wrote the convention's address to the public in which he argued that African Americans deserved full equality and must have the vote for their own protection. Cook's radical vision was at variance with ideas of subservience that the state's white leaders offered. In 1869 Cook attended the National Convention of the Colored Men of America in Washington, D.C., and was elected to its national executive committee. From 1867 to 1869 Cook worked for the Republican Party. He had an uneasy relationship with the Radical Republican leaders, as he favored a more inclusive party than they did. As an independent candidate for a seat in Congress in 1869 Cook received less than 1 percent of the vote. In 1870 Cook and his wife moved to Alexandria. As prominent there as he had been in Richmond, Cook remained in the Baptist ministry and was active in politics, supporting the Readjusters during the 1880s. He died in 1897, five years before Virginia stripped African American men of the vote, the franchise for which Cook had fought for three decades, claiming it as a right and a necessity. He was buried in Alexandria's Bethel Cemetery. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/trailblazers-2008" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2008</a> African American Trailblazers honoree, Library of Virginia. Bibliography Image Courtesy of Ebenezer Baptist Church, Alexandria. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Fields Cook Subject The topic of the resource African American Trailblazers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008 African American Trailblazers Honoree Description An account of the resource Born into slavery, Fields Cook became a prominent African American leader in Richmond and Alexandria in the aftermath of the Civil War. Arts and Literature Government and Law Religion https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/91600ec2f0dbba65247f3585ea8abbc1.jpg f02b9cfc141ef895e107d25cd16d25fa Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Civil War and Reconstruction Description An account of the resource The Civil War was undoubtedly one of the most important events in American history. The war challenged not only the issue of slavery, but the also the balance of federal versus state powers and the power of constitutional government. In the end, not only did the war preserve the Union as Lincoln had spoken of, but it also freed nearly four million African Americans from slavery. The war also highlighted stark differences in regions of the country. These differences ranged from political to religious to economic. There were many cases of brother fighting brother, neighbor fighting neighbor, and men who had previously been in the United States military service choosing to fight for the Confederacy, most notably, Robert E. Lee. The war also saw an increase in battlefield news coverage and photography, along with the first assassination of an American President. Following the war, the nation was faced with the problem of Reconstruction. The 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments were aimed towards providing full equality for African Americans, but did face opposition on many levels. Despite headway, the North and the South both had strong objections to Radical Reconstruction and full social and racial democratization. Many Americans opposed the idea of redistributing wealth and were still in favor of strong local rights and government. In some cases, Reconstruction increased the racial divide, giving rise to movements such as the KKK. Learn more in the National History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1850-1877 Person An individual. Birth Date Circa 1815-1816 Birthplace Richmond Death Date 1897 Occupation Abolitionist and Performer Biographical Text Born into slavery in Louisa County, Henry Brown (1815 or 1816-June 15, 1897) became a skilled worker in a Richmond tobacco factory. About 1836 he married Nancy, an enslaved woman owned by another master, and the couple had at least three children. Brown was able through overwork to rent a house for his family. In August 1848 Nancy Brown's owner suddenly sold her and the children out of the state. With nothing to keep him in Richmond, Brown resolved to escape to freedom. Working with a free black dentist and a white shoemaker, he concocted a scheme to ship himself north. On March 23, 1849, his co-conspirators sealed Brown into a wooden crate and placed it on a train bound for Philadelphia. After twenty-six hours, Brown arrived at the office of the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society, where he was unboxed, alive and free. As Henry Box Brown, he began an active career lecturing and performing. He worked with the artist Josiah Wolcott and others to create a moving panorama to illustrate his lectures about slavery. Henry Box Brown's Mirror of Slavery opened in Boston on April 11, 1850. During the lecture, Brown would climb into a replica of the box and re-create his unboxing. By October 1850, after an abortive kidnapping attempt and fearful that he would be arrested and returned to Virginia under the new federal Fugitive Slave Act, Brown sailed for England, where he remained for more than a decade. In his performances in England and Wales, Brown mingled his antislavery lecture and panorama with entertaining acts. In 1875 he returned to the United States with a wife, whom he had married by 1859, and a daughter. The Browns performed at Milbury and Worcester, Massachusetts, at the beginning of 1878, and an Ontario newspaper reports a performance of the Brown Family Jubilee Singers at Brantford on February 26, 1889. By that time Henry Box Brown was living in Toronto, where he died on June 15, 1897. He was buried in Necropolis Cemetery there. Nominated by Brynn Sprinkle and Maya Wimer, Mary Johnston's first-grade class (2009-2010), Clark Elementary School, Charlottesville. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/trailblazers-2011" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2011</a> African American Trailblazers honoree, Library of Virginia. Bibliography Image Courtesy of the Library of Virginia. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Henry "Box" Brown Subject The topic of the resource African American Trailblazers Description An account of the resource After his family was suddenly sold out of the state in 1848, he shipped himself in a wooden crate to freedom in 1849. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011 African American Trailblazers Honoree Arts and Literature Civil Rights and Reform https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/6e2b0c445204acdb6b53a9f544e3b9d3.jpg 783d7d6121cf365ac2abf78d2729f93e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Civil War and Reconstruction Description An account of the resource The Civil War was undoubtedly one of the most important events in American history. The war challenged not only the issue of slavery, but the also the balance of federal versus state powers and the power of constitutional government. In the end, not only did the war preserve the Union as Lincoln had spoken of, but it also freed nearly four million African Americans from slavery. The war also highlighted stark differences in regions of the country. These differences ranged from political to religious to economic. There were many cases of brother fighting brother, neighbor fighting neighbor, and men who had previously been in the United States military service choosing to fight for the Confederacy, most notably, Robert E. Lee. The war also saw an increase in battlefield news coverage and photography, along with the first assassination of an American President. Following the war, the nation was faced with the problem of Reconstruction. The 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments were aimed towards providing full equality for African Americans, but did face opposition on many levels. Despite headway, the North and the South both had strong objections to Radical Reconstruction and full social and racial democratization. Many Americans opposed the idea of redistributing wealth and were still in favor of strong local rights and government. In some cases, Reconstruction increased the racial divide, giving rise to movements such as the KKK. Learn more in the National History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1850-1877 Person An individual. Birth Date 1833 Birthplace Wheeling Death Date 1906 Occupation Plaintiff in Cause Célèbre Biographical Text Nothing is known of the early life of Sara Lucy Bagby Johnson (ca. 1833-1906). In 1852 she was sold in Richmond to William S. Goshorn of Wheeling, Virginia (now West Virginia). She escaped from her owner in October 1860 and eventually made her way to Cleveland. The Western Reserve area of Ohio was known for abolitionism. Bagby worked as a domestic servant for A. G. Riddle, a Republican Congressman-elect, who would later serve as a member of her defense council. At the time of her arrest under the Fugitive Slave Act on 19 January 1861, Bagby was a domestic worker in the household of jeweler L. A. Benton. Republicans viewed Bagby's case in the context of the sectional crisis. They did not want to give proslavery secessionists a pretext to brand their party as radical and lawless. Bagby's admission that she was indeed Goshorn's slave, a lack of any mitigating evidence, and the surprising acquiescence of Ohio's white abolition community sealed her fate. Black abolitionists, however, gathered at a station along the rail line carrying Bagby back to bondage, hoping to liberate her by force, but the train's engineer sensed the danger and did not stop. Bagby returned to slavery in Wheeling, but when Union forces took control of northwestern Virginia in June 1861, she was freed and her former master jailed. Bagby returned to Ohio, and abolition leaders in Cleveland held a Grand Jubilee for her on 6 May 1863. She married a former Union soldier, F. George Johnson, and lived in Pittsburgh until returning to Cleveland for the last years of her life. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/trailblazers-2010" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2010</a> African American Trailblazers honoree, Library of Virginia. Bibliography Representative Image Courtesy of the Library of Virginia. Unidentified woman by David Hunter Strother, Contrabands in Virginia (1862). Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Sara Bagby Subject The topic of the resource African American Trailblazers Description An account of the resource With "a decided taste for freedom," Sara Lucy Bagby was embroiled in a celebrated legal case that tested the infamous Fugitive Slave Act during the secession crisis. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010 African American Trailblazers Honoree Civil Rights and Reform https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/3663abfd0289333febc195b2ee87664f.jpg d4238a4d6b5bbc6ba53e35321bdde3ac Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Civil War and Reconstruction Description An account of the resource The Civil War was undoubtedly one of the most important events in American history. The war challenged not only the issue of slavery, but the also the balance of federal versus state powers and the power of constitutional government. In the end, not only did the war preserve the Union as Lincoln had spoken of, but it also freed nearly four million African Americans from slavery. The war also highlighted stark differences in regions of the country. These differences ranged from political to religious to economic. There were many cases of brother fighting brother, neighbor fighting neighbor, and men who had previously been in the United States military service choosing to fight for the Confederacy, most notably, Robert E. Lee. The war also saw an increase in battlefield news coverage and photography, along with the first assassination of an American President. Following the war, the nation was faced with the problem of Reconstruction. The 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments were aimed towards providing full equality for African Americans, but did face opposition on many levels. Despite headway, the North and the South both had strong objections to Radical Reconstruction and full social and racial democratization. Many Americans opposed the idea of redistributing wealth and were still in favor of strong local rights and government. In some cases, Reconstruction increased the racial divide, giving rise to movements such as the KKK. Learn more in the National History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1850-1877 Person An individual. Birth Date 1820 Birthplace Culpeper County Death Date 1859 Occupation Participant in John Brown's Raid Biographical Text Dangerfield Newby (ca. 1820-1859) was born in Culpeper County, the oldest child of Henry Newby, a white man, and Elsey Newby, an enslaved black woman. In 1858, Henry Newby sold his land in Culpeper and moved with his family to Bridgeport, Ohio, thereby freeing his wife and their children. Shortly after moving to Bridgeport, Dangerfield Newby began raising money to buy his own wife and children, who were enslaved in Prince William County, Virginia. In the spring and summer of 1859 his wife wrote to him three times expressing concern that her owner would sell her before Newby was able to raise the money to free her. "Come this fall with out fail monny or no monny I want to see you so much," Harriet Newby wrote. "[I]t is said Master is in want of money[:] if so I know not what time he may sell me an[d] then all my bright hops of the futer are blasted."  Newby raised nearly $742 toward the $1,000 price that Harriet Newby's owner had set for her and one child, but he was unable to free his family. Shortly after learning of this disappointment, he joined John Brown in the planning for the raid on Harpers Ferry. During the raid, Newby shot and killed a grocer before he himself was shot and killed. His wife's letters were found on his body. In the 1890s his remains were moved from an unknown location to John Brown's Farm in North Elba, New York. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/trailblazers-2009" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2009</a> African American Trailblazers honoree, Library of Virginia. Bibliography Image Courtesy of the Library of Congress. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Dangerfield Newby Subject The topic of the resource African American Trailblazers Description An account of the resource Dangerfield Newby was one of five African Americans who took up arms against slavery with fellow abolitionist John Brown at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, in October 1859. Military