1 10 45 https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/534c67e7222ea9d5c534f351290cbee6.jpg aecd0cadd5cda7365c14758ff5e5f974 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Emergence of Modern America Description An account of the resource The idea of a “Modern United States” begins with the advent of the Progressive era. The Progressive movement focused on reforms they viewed as necessary after drastic increases in industrialization, immigration, urbanization and corruption in the business and political realms. One of the most successful reform movements of the time periods is the women’s suffrage movement. Other movements that gained traction on a new scale during this era were the labor movement, including the rise of unions, and the Harlem Renaissance and northward migration of the African American population. The time also saw a resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan in direct retaliation to increased immigration and shifting roles for African Americans. With all of the changes on the home front of America, this era also saw the emergence of the United States as a major world power. The Spanish-American War pitted the United States against a European power other than Great Britain for the first time, and battles spanned the Atlantic and Pacific. The war also led to the rise of Theodore Roosevelt, an increase in propaganda and marketing of a war, both through yellow journalism and war slogans and ephemera encouraging citizens to “Remember the Maine!” Soon after, the United States would come to find itself embroiled in World War I, despite strong isolationist tendencies. Along with a large death toll, World War I led to the development of the failed League of Nations, ultimately pushing the United States even further into an isolationist standing that would last for decades. The immediate postwar period of the “Roaring 20s” saw a domination in politics and economics by big business and its supporters, which would all come crashing down in less than a decade. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1890-1930 Person An individual. Birth Date 1882 Birthplace Richmond Death Date 1957 Occupation Community Activist and Suffragist Biographical Text After graduating from a segregated Fredericksburg school at age thirteen, Ora Brown Stokes (11 June 1882–19 December 1957) trained as a teacher at Virginia Normal and Collegiate Institute (later Virginia State University). She married a Baptist pastor and settled in Richmond, where she quickly became involved in church and community work. In 1912 she founded the Richmond Neighborhood Association, a social service organization for young African American women, and in 1916 founded the National Protective League for Negro Girls. Stokes studied at the Chicago School of Civics and Philanthropy, and in 1918 became the first African America woman probation officer in Richmond. Stokes understood the importance of voting rights for women to effect social change and after the Nineteenth Amendment was ratified in August 1920, she and Richmond banker Maggie L. Walker led a massive voter registration drive that enabled almost 2,500 African American women to register. Segregated in city hall's crowded basement, African American women were sometimes turned away after standing in line all day. Stokes helped organize a phone system to alert women when to come in to register. She was one of the few African American women who attended conventions of the National League of Women Voters during the 1920s, and was Virginia state chair of the National League of Republican Colored Women. In the 1920s Stokes lectured across the country on such topics as the welfare of children, racial uplift, political rights, and temperance. During the last decade of her life, she worked as the only African American field organizer for the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. <a href="https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/va-women-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2020</a> Virginia Women in History honoree, Library of Virginia. Bibliography Image Courtesy of Library of Virginia. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Ora Brown Stokes Subject The topic of the resource Virginia Women in History Description An account of the resource Ora Brown Stokes was a lifelong advocate for the rights of African American women. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Virginia Women in History Honoree https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/846734628f3d3b7165cddc4d575f015f.jpg 30bc32743f86a848615b6ed25fd3d718 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Emergence of Modern America Description An account of the resource The idea of a “Modern United States” begins with the advent of the Progressive era. The Progressive movement focused on reforms they viewed as necessary after drastic increases in industrialization, immigration, urbanization and corruption in the business and political realms. One of the most successful reform movements of the time periods is the women’s suffrage movement. Other movements that gained traction on a new scale during this era were the labor movement, including the rise of unions, and the Harlem Renaissance and northward migration of the African American population. The time also saw a resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan in direct retaliation to increased immigration and shifting roles for African Americans. With all of the changes on the home front of America, this era also saw the emergence of the United States as a major world power. The Spanish-American War pitted the United States against a European power other than Great Britain for the first time, and battles spanned the Atlantic and Pacific. The war also led to the rise of Theodore Roosevelt, an increase in propaganda and marketing of a war, both through yellow journalism and war slogans and ephemera encouraging citizens to “Remember the Maine!” Soon after, the United States would come to find itself embroiled in World War I, despite strong isolationist tendencies. Along with a large death toll, World War I led to the development of the failed League of Nations, ultimately pushing the United States even further into an isolationist standing that would last for decades. The immediate postwar period of the “Roaring 20s” saw a domination in politics and economics by big business and its supporters, which would all come crashing down in less than a decade. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1890-1930 Person An individual. Birth Date 1890 Birthplace Clarke County Death Date 1979 Occupation Suffragist and Labor Economist Biographical Text Mary Elizabeth Pidgeon (August 2, 1890–November 24, 1979) grew up in a Quaker Community in Clarke County and attended a Quaker school in nearby Loudoun County before graduating from Swarthmore College in 1913. While a student she began taking part in woman suffrage events and in 1917 she went to work as a field organizer for the National American Woman Suffrage Association in New York and South Dakota. Late in 1918 the association sent Pidgeon to Virginia to assist with the Equal Suffrage League's campaign to gather tens of thousands of signatures in support of a woman suffrage amendment to the U. S. Constitution. An energetic and capable canvasser, Pidgeon enrolled supporters in the northern counties where she had grown up, in eastern Virginia, and in southwestern part of the state until 1920. In anticipation of ratification, the Equal Suffrage League created citizenship schools in cooperation with the University of Virginia's Extension Bureau and named Pidgeon as state director. She directed the schools, which were held around the state to educate women about voting and public policy, until 1926. She was particularly interested in government efficiency and earned a master's degree in political science from the university in 1924. She joined the Women's Bureau of the Department of Labor in 1928, directing its influential research division and the economic studies section. Pidgeon wrote or co-wrote about 30 reports on women in various workplace settings out of the almost 200 official reports issued by the Woman's Bureau before she retired in 1956. <a href="https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/va-women-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2020</a> Virginia Women in History honoree, Library of Virginia. Bibliography Image Courtesy of Bryn Mawr College, Special Collections. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mary Elizabeth Pidgeon Subject The topic of the resource Virginia Women in History Description An account of the resource Labor economist Mary Elizabeth Pidgeon began her career as an organizer for woman suffrage. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Virginia Women in History Honoree https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/7df44dc80d486360cca25c149b2f32f1.jpg 54e09466a8fa376c567d128ca3bc7365 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Emergence of Modern America Description An account of the resource The idea of a “Modern United States” begins with the advent of the Progressive era. The Progressive movement focused on reforms they viewed as necessary after drastic increases in industrialization, immigration, urbanization and corruption in the business and political realms. One of the most successful reform movements of the time periods is the women’s suffrage movement. Other movements that gained traction on a new scale during this era were the labor movement, including the rise of unions, and the Harlem Renaissance and northward migration of the African American population. The time also saw a resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan in direct retaliation to increased immigration and shifting roles for African Americans. With all of the changes on the home front of America, this era also saw the emergence of the United States as a major world power. The Spanish-American War pitted the United States against a European power other than Great Britain for the first time, and battles spanned the Atlantic and Pacific. The war also led to the rise of Theodore Roosevelt, an increase in propaganda and marketing of a war, both through yellow journalism and war slogans and ephemera encouraging citizens to “Remember the Maine!” Soon after, the United States would come to find itself embroiled in World War I, despite strong isolationist tendencies. Along with a large death toll, World War I led to the development of the failed League of Nations, ultimately pushing the United States even further into an isolationist standing that would last for decades. The immediate postwar period of the “Roaring 20s” saw a domination in politics and economics by big business and its supporters, which would all come crashing down in less than a decade. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1890-1930 Person An individual. Birth Date 1873 Birthplace Portsmouth Death Date 1927 Occupation Community Activist and Suffragist Biographical Text Josephine Mathews Norcom (January 16, 1873–April 27, 1927) grew up in Wytheville and graduated from the Virginia Normal and Collegiate Institute (later Virginia State University), in 1889. She taught school in Salem, Lynchburg, and Pulaski County before she married and moved to Portsmouth. Norcom believed that women were called to improve their communities and she embraced many of the causes of the Progressive movement, including public education, public health, and the living and working conditions of African American women and men. A founder of the Virginia State Federation of Colored Women's Clubs, Norcom advocated for the establishment of an industrial school for African American girls that opened in Hanover County in 1915 and provided education and vocational training to girls who otherwise would have been sent to prison. Norcom was a member of the resolutions committee at the 1916 National Association of Colored Women convention when it endorsed the proposed amendment to the United States Constitution to guarantee women's right to vote. Norcom publicly advocated woman suffrage in the face of anti-suffrage arguments that voting rights for women would jeopardize white political control of Virginia if African American women could vote. After the Nineteenth Amendment was ratified in 1920, she joined a local Woman's Republican League and likely helped women register to vote in Newport News, where she then lived. Norcom later worked as executive secretary for segregated branches of the Young Women's Christian Association in Cincinnati and Detroit and after her death in 1927 the Detroit YWCA opened Camp Norcom for African American girls. <a href="https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/va-women-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2020</a> Virginia Women in History honoree, Library of Virginia. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Josephine Mathews Norcom Subject The topic of the resource Virginia Women in History Description An account of the resource Josephine Norcom advocated educational opportunities and equal rights for African American women and men. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Virginia Women in History Honoree https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/b25fd946a5e6cf7fd4453d30c70f9f5c.jpg 5bcc0a34734c53e112da8b828bf99ba7 https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/837dc8d32549f2726b85ce899bb2a6c6.mp3 f294410cf59ca342e2594806101f81bd Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Emergence of Modern America Description An account of the resource The idea of a “Modern United States” begins with the advent of the Progressive era. The Progressive movement focused on reforms they viewed as necessary after drastic increases in industrialization, immigration, urbanization and corruption in the business and political realms. One of the most successful reform movements of the time periods is the women’s suffrage movement. Other movements that gained traction on a new scale during this era were the labor movement, including the rise of unions, and the Harlem Renaissance and northward migration of the African American population. The time also saw a resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan in direct retaliation to increased immigration and shifting roles for African Americans. With all of the changes on the home front of America, this era also saw the emergence of the United States as a major world power. The Spanish-American War pitted the United States against a European power other than Great Britain for the first time, and battles spanned the Atlantic and Pacific. The war also led to the rise of Theodore Roosevelt, an increase in propaganda and marketing of a war, both through yellow journalism and war slogans and ephemera encouraging citizens to “Remember the Maine!” Soon after, the United States would come to find itself embroiled in World War I, despite strong isolationist tendencies. Along with a large death toll, World War I led to the development of the failed League of Nations, ultimately pushing the United States even further into an isolationist standing that would last for decades. The immediate postwar period of the “Roaring 20s” saw a domination in politics and economics by big business and its supporters, which would all come crashing down in less than a decade. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1890-1930 Person An individual. Birth Date 1851 Birthplace Richmond Death Date 1928 Occupation Suffragist Biographical Text Growing up in Massachusetts, Sophie Gooding Rose Meredith (December 12, 1851–August 27, 1928) was educated in the Quaker values of racial and gender equality and peace. She married a lawyer from Richmond and settled there. As her children grew up she began advocating improvements to the city's public schools and joined the Richmond Education Association. In 1909 Meredith was one of about twenty socially prominent women who founded the Equal Suffrage League of Virginia. Believing that in a democracy "all the people, not one-half the people, may make the laws that we must all live under," she argued that women could help elect legislators to pass laws that would make the world a better place. Meredith served as one of the league's vice presidents until 1915, when she organized the Virginia branch of the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage (later the National Woman's Party), which had been established to advocate a woman suffrage amendment to the United States Constitution. After Virginia's General Assembly had defeated proposals to amend the state constitution three times, Meredith believed that a federal amendment would be the quickest way to achieve voting rights for women. Despite being in her sixties, Meredith joined the National Woman's Party pickets at the White House, who stood with banners criticizing the president for not supporting woman suffrage, and was arrested in 1918 for demonstrating at Lafayette Park. After the Nineteenth Amendment was ratified in 1920, Meredith continued to chair the Virginia branch of the National Woman's Party and advocated an equal rights amendment until her death. <a href="https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/va-women-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2020</a> Virginia Women in History honoree, Library of Virginia. Bibliography Image Courtesy of Library of Congress. Audio clip: excerpt from Sophie Meredith's June 28, 1916, speech to the Virginia branch, Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage, read by Library of Virginia staff. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Sophie G. Meredith Subject The topic of the resource Virginia Women in History Description An account of the resource Sophie G. Meredith was an advocate for equal suffrage and women's rights. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Virginia Women in History Honoree https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/05802d482ba5c7fe0ab0bfcf8062a6ed.jpg 4c68b53720ed357fdf9a4ab82e36e076 https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/efb14ce8305bd536834d08b560401276.mp3 a9f2b79785c51fb7bb27152c57d9aae5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Emergence of Modern America Description An account of the resource The idea of a “Modern United States” begins with the advent of the Progressive era. The Progressive movement focused on reforms they viewed as necessary after drastic increases in industrialization, immigration, urbanization and corruption in the business and political realms. One of the most successful reform movements of the time periods is the women’s suffrage movement. Other movements that gained traction on a new scale during this era were the labor movement, including the rise of unions, and the Harlem Renaissance and northward migration of the African American population. The time also saw a resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan in direct retaliation to increased immigration and shifting roles for African Americans. With all of the changes on the home front of America, this era also saw the emergence of the United States as a major world power. The Spanish-American War pitted the United States against a European power other than Great Britain for the first time, and battles spanned the Atlantic and Pacific. The war also led to the rise of Theodore Roosevelt, an increase in propaganda and marketing of a war, both through yellow journalism and war slogans and ephemera encouraging citizens to “Remember the Maine!” Soon after, the United States would come to find itself embroiled in World War I, despite strong isolationist tendencies. Along with a large death toll, World War I led to the development of the failed League of Nations, ultimately pushing the United States even further into an isolationist standing that would last for decades. The immediate postwar period of the “Roaring 20s” saw a domination in politics and economics by big business and its supporters, which would all come crashing down in less than a decade. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1890-1930 Person An individual. Birth Date 1851 Birthplace Lynchburg Death Date 1946 Occupation Suffragist Biographical Text Elizabeth Dabney Langhorne Lewis (December 9, 1851–January 30, 1946) had long been active in cultural and charitable organizations when she founded the Equal Suffrage League of Lynchburg in 1910, one of the earliest local branches of the Equal Suffrage League of Virginia. She served as president of the Lynchburg league until 1920 and was a vice president of the state league from 1911 to 1920, when the Nineteenth Amendment guaranteeing women's right to vote was ratified. Believing that a "woman's qualification for citizenship is as valid as the man's," Lewis argued that women were entitled to equal suffrage. She devoted her energy to the cause during the 1910s, traveling around southern Virginia to make public speeches and organize local leagues in the effort to secure a woman suffrage amendment to the state constitution. She addressed committees of the House of Delegates in 1912 and 1914, when the General Assembly considered, but did not pass, such an amendment. Lewis also participated in public events, including the March 1913 national suffrage parade in Washington, D.C., where she helped carry the Virginia banner. In August 1917 she and her daughter Elizabeth Otey, who was then a member of the National Woman's Party, joined other suffragists in picketing the White House. When the Virginia League of Voters was organized after ratification in 1920, Lewis was elected to the board of directors and in 1926 was elected president. She also served as the first president of the Lynchburg league from 1920 to the mid-1930s. In 1931 Lewis's name was included on the national league's honor roll in recognition of her work. <a href="https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/va-women-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2020</a> Virginia Women in History honoree, Library of Virginia. Bibliography Image Courtesy of the Lynchburg Museum System. Audio clip: excerpt from Elizabeth Lewis's January 19, 1912, speech to a committee of the Virginia House of Delegates printed in the Equal Suffrage League's pamphlet, Make Your Women Free, read by Library of Virginia staff. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Elizabeth Dabney Langhorne Lewis Subject The topic of the resource Virginia Women in History Description An account of the resource Elizabeth Lewis founded the Equal Suffrage League of Lynchburg. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Virginia Women in History Honoree https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/71279811212c1e8ceba6552dc1711d38.jpg 2b345dc8100f87a0fea02a81b2392345 https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/ebd5d109bf84421271cb543061ec9927.mp3 ad00f7eeee9b2c6b5f73645a4b3e4a89 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Emergence of Modern America Description An account of the resource The idea of a “Modern United States” begins with the advent of the Progressive era. The Progressive movement focused on reforms they viewed as necessary after drastic increases in industrialization, immigration, urbanization and corruption in the business and political realms. One of the most successful reform movements of the time periods is the women’s suffrage movement. Other movements that gained traction on a new scale during this era were the labor movement, including the rise of unions, and the Harlem Renaissance and northward migration of the African American population. The time also saw a resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan in direct retaliation to increased immigration and shifting roles for African Americans. With all of the changes on the home front of America, this era also saw the emergence of the United States as a major world power. The Spanish-American War pitted the United States against a European power other than Great Britain for the first time, and battles spanned the Atlantic and Pacific. The war also led to the rise of Theodore Roosevelt, an increase in propaganda and marketing of a war, both through yellow journalism and war slogans and ephemera encouraging citizens to “Remember the Maine!” Soon after, the United States would come to find itself embroiled in World War I, despite strong isolationist tendencies. Along with a large death toll, World War I led to the development of the failed League of Nations, ultimately pushing the United States even further into an isolationist standing that would last for decades. The immediate postwar period of the “Roaring 20s” saw a domination in politics and economics by big business and its supporters, which would all come crashing down in less than a decade. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1890-1930 Person An individual. Birth Date 1864 Birthplace Staunton Death Date 1951 Occupation Social Reformer and Suffragist Biographical Text Growing up in Staunton, Fannie Stratton Bayly King (September 27, 1864–January 13, 1951) attended the academically rigorous Augusta Female Seminary. She became active in many community improvement projects and organizations, supporting public health work and serving as president of the local branch of the Co-Operative Education Association that worked to improve public education. She helped found the Staunton Civic Club in 1911 and served as president of the Virginia Federation of Women's Clubs, an organization that frustrated her when it refused to endorse voting rights for women. King believed strongly in woman suffrage and was elected president of the Staunton Equal Suffrage League in 1913. The league distributed literature, encouraged public suffrage debates, and wrote legislators and congressmen. King arranged for prominent suffrage speakers to visit Staunton and she also spoke to local groups. After her speech to the Working Men's Fraternal Association, she later recalled that her "male relatives and friends crossed the street or dodged into stores to keep from speaking to such a bold bad woman!!!" King withdrew from her work after her only child died in 1917, but after the Nineteenth Amendment was ratified she participated in the founding of the League of Women Voters and served on the Children's Code Commission, which recommended numerous legislative reforms passed by the General Assembly. A supporter of public libraries for most of her life, King donated her house, Kalorama, to the city for use as the public library, and continued to live there in an upstairs apartment until her death. <a href="https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/va-women-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2020</a> Virginia Women in History honoree, Library of Virginia. Bibliography Image Courtesy of Staunton Public Library. Audio clip: excerpt from Fannie King's letter to former Equal Suffrage League secretary Ida M. Thompson, ca. 1936, read by Library of Virginia staff. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Fannie Bayly King Subject The topic of the resource Virginia Women in History Description An account of the resource Civic leader Fannie B. King encouraged educational and public health reforms in addition to advocating woman suffrage. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Virginia Women in History Honoree https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/d195cc35da5ca04f0fd7a8e9536587eb.jpg 0d7ac44703967df803493ca211e94ac6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Emergence of Modern America Description An account of the resource The idea of a “Modern United States” begins with the advent of the Progressive era. The Progressive movement focused on reforms they viewed as necessary after drastic increases in industrialization, immigration, urbanization and corruption in the business and political realms. One of the most successful reform movements of the time periods is the women’s suffrage movement. Other movements that gained traction on a new scale during this era were the labor movement, including the rise of unions, and the Harlem Renaissance and northward migration of the African American population. The time also saw a resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan in direct retaliation to increased immigration and shifting roles for African Americans. With all of the changes on the home front of America, this era also saw the emergence of the United States as a major world power. The Spanish-American War pitted the United States against a European power other than Great Britain for the first time, and battles spanned the Atlantic and Pacific. The war also led to the rise of Theodore Roosevelt, an increase in propaganda and marketing of a war, both through yellow journalism and war slogans and ephemera encouraging citizens to “Remember the Maine!” Soon after, the United States would come to find itself embroiled in World War I, despite strong isolationist tendencies. Along with a large death toll, World War I led to the development of the failed League of Nations, ultimately pushing the United States even further into an isolationist standing that would last for decades. The immediate postwar period of the “Roaring 20s” saw a domination in politics and economics by big business and its supporters, which would all come crashing down in less than a decade. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1890-1930 Person An individual. Birth Date ca. 1879 Birthplace King William County Death Date 1950 Occupation Educator Biographical Text Born in rural King and Queen County, India Hamilton (ca. 1879–April 18, 1950) displayed an unwavering passion for teaching and learning throughout her life. She studied at Howard University, in Washington, D.C., and in 1913 began teaching at a two-room segregated school in King William County. For almost 20 years she was also the county's Jeanes supervisor and received support from the Jeanes Fund, which was set up in 1907 by Philadelphia philanthropist Anna Jeanes to improve education for African American youth in rural schools. Fulfilling the informal motto of Jeanes supervisors of "doing the next needed thing," Hamilton helped her community raise money for school improvements and new buildings, including the King William Training School, which provided manual training in addition to academics. She advocated longer school terms and implemented an annual Exhibit Day to showcase the work of the county's African American students. Hamilton's work extended beyond King William as chair of the Better Schools Program of the Negro Organization Society of Virginia, a grassroots community advocacy association at Hampton Institute. She promoted collaborations between local teachers and nearby colleges for workshops and improvement projects and served on the executive committee of the Virginia State Teachers Association. In 1952 King William County formally recognized Hamilton, who was known as "the children's friend," when it named Hamilton-Holmes High School in honor of her and Samuel B. Holmes, a fellow education pioneer. The Negro Organization Society also named its India Hamilton Camp on the York River in her honor. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/va-women-2019" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2019</a> Virginia Women in History honoree, Library of Virginia. Bibliography Image Courtesy of Dr. Alvin Lomax. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource India Hamilton Subject The topic of the resource Virginia Women in History Description An account of the resource As a teacher, India Hamilton continuously pushed for the expansion, implementation, and improvement of educational opportunities for African American students. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019 Virginia Women in History Honoree Education https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/458f8952871d4d7626a6bd8531172c70.jpg bc92f9463066fa000a09b2de508450db Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Emergence of Modern America Description An account of the resource The idea of a “Modern United States” begins with the advent of the Progressive era. The Progressive movement focused on reforms they viewed as necessary after drastic increases in industrialization, immigration, urbanization and corruption in the business and political realms. One of the most successful reform movements of the time periods is the women’s suffrage movement. Other movements that gained traction on a new scale during this era were the labor movement, including the rise of unions, and the Harlem Renaissance and northward migration of the African American population. The time also saw a resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan in direct retaliation to increased immigration and shifting roles for African Americans. With all of the changes on the home front of America, this era also saw the emergence of the United States as a major world power. The Spanish-American War pitted the United States against a European power other than Great Britain for the first time, and battles spanned the Atlantic and Pacific. The war also led to the rise of Theodore Roosevelt, an increase in propaganda and marketing of a war, both through yellow journalism and war slogans and ephemera encouraging citizens to “Remember the Maine!” Soon after, the United States would come to find itself embroiled in World War I, despite strong isolationist tendencies. Along with a large death toll, World War I led to the development of the failed League of Nations, ultimately pushing the United States even further into an isolationist standing that would last for decades. The immediate postwar period of the “Roaring 20s” saw a domination in politics and economics by big business and its supporters, which would all come crashing down in less than a decade. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1890-1930 Person An individual. Birth Date 1890 Birthplace Richmond Death Date 1946 Occupation Business Executive Biographical Text A prominent business executive herself, John-Geline MacDonald Bowman (March 30, 1890–April 14, 1946) helped establish business and professional organizations for Virginia women. She was born in Atlanta, Georgia. After the death of her father, she and her mother moved to Richmond. In 1913 she married a Richmond businessman, Jacob Killian Bowman. Educated at the Academy of the Holy Cross, in Washington, D.C., she helped found the Virginia Bureau of Vocations for Women in 1914 and was a founder of the Business Women's Club of Richmond. In 1923, the year before she gave birth to twins, Bowman purchased the Expert Letter Writing Company, which produced advertising products to attract female customers to banks and other businesses. She owned and managed the company for the rest of her life and made it one of the largest such companies in the South. In 1919 Bowman was a founding member and from 1920 to 1923 president of the Virginia Federation of Business and Professional Women's Clubs, and she served as president of the Richmond affiliate from 1926 to 1928. In 1931 and 1933 she was elected president of the National Federation of Business and Professional Women's Clubs. During the Great Depression she used her position as federation president to oppose a plan to restrict employment of married women by the federal government. Bowman was also a member of the Southern Woman's Educational Alliance and supported increased opportunities for young women to obtain advanced education at William and Mary and other public colleges and universities. A talented public speaker, she took part during both World Wars in campaigns to sell war bonds, and during the 1930s she campaigned for the Democratic Party. Her daughter, Geline Bowman Williams, served as mayor of Richmond from 1988 to 1990. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/va-women-2006" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2006</a> Virginia Women in History honoree, Library of Virginia and Virginia Foundation for Women. Bibliography Image Courtesy of the Richmond Times-Dispatch Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource John-Geline MacDonald Bowman Subject The topic of the resource Virginia Women In History Description An account of the resource John-Geline MacDonald Bowman helped establish business and professional organizations for Virginia women and served as president of the National Federation of Business and Professional Women's Clubs. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006 Virginia Women in History Honoree Business and Entrepreneurship https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/d7e2d8ab36643756403eeb64e1bd1716.jpg 5940019689dc6f5dfec7ed6f704880cb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Emergence of Modern America Description An account of the resource The idea of a “Modern United States” begins with the advent of the Progressive era. The Progressive movement focused on reforms they viewed as necessary after drastic increases in industrialization, immigration, urbanization and corruption in the business and political realms. One of the most successful reform movements of the time periods is the women’s suffrage movement. Other movements that gained traction on a new scale during this era were the labor movement, including the rise of unions, and the Harlem Renaissance and northward migration of the African American population. The time also saw a resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan in direct retaliation to increased immigration and shifting roles for African Americans. With all of the changes on the home front of America, this era also saw the emergence of the United States as a major world power. The Spanish-American War pitted the United States against a European power other than Great Britain for the first time, and battles spanned the Atlantic and Pacific. The war also led to the rise of Theodore Roosevelt, an increase in propaganda and marketing of a war, both through yellow journalism and war slogans and ephemera encouraging citizens to “Remember the Maine!” Soon after, the United States would come to find itself embroiled in World War I, despite strong isolationist tendencies. Along with a large death toll, World War I led to the development of the failed League of Nations, ultimately pushing the United States even further into an isolationist standing that would last for decades. The immediate postwar period of the “Roaring 20s” saw a domination in politics and economics by big business and its supporters, which would all come crashing down in less than a decade. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1890-1930 Person An individual. Birth Date Circa 1864 Birthplace Richmond Death Date 1931 Occupation Educator and Community Advocate Biographical Text Born, probably enslaved, in Marion, Virginia, James Heyward Blackwell (ca. February 1864–October 14, 1931) grew up in Manchester, across the James River from Richmond. Although his parents could not read or write, they encouraged him to obtain an education. After being tutored by the local pastor of the First Baptist Church, Blackwell graduated in 1880 from Richmond Theological Institute (now Virginia Union University). He taught in New Kent County for two years before returning to Manchester when its segregated public schools began hiring African American teachers. In 1888 he became principal and initiated a high school curriculum. After the consolidation of Manchester and Richmond in 1910, his school was named the Maury School. Richmond law forbade Blackwell from being principal, so he returned to teaching. He remained the de facto chief administrator of the Maury School until 1916, when a white principal was hired for the renamed Dunbar School. Blackwell retired in 1922, after more than forty years in public education. Throughout his career he was also a leader in fraternal orders and Baptist Sunday school organizations. Devoted to expanding opportunities in the African American community, Blackwell helped establish a building and loan association, an insurance company, and real estate businesses. He also managed two employment agencies, including one for African American teachers. In 1951 the Dunbar School became a combined elementary and junior high school, and the following year the Richmond School Board renamed it the James H. Blackwell School. An elementary school alone since 1970, it has given its name to the surrounding neighborhood. Nominated by Barbara Sookins-Goode, James H. Blackwell Elementary School, Richmond. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/strong-mw-2014" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2014</a> Strong Men & Women in Virginia History honoree, Library of Virginia and Dominion. Bibliography Image Courtesy of the Library of Virginia. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource James Heyward Blackwell Subject The topic of the resource Strong Men and Women in Virginia History Description An account of the resource James Heyward Blackwell advanced the cause of African American public education in Richmond for more than forty years. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Strong Men & Women in Virginia History Honoree Community Leadership and Philanthropy Education https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/551b75605b6e2c3b5f158e74faccaf36.jpg 5ad062c3a869aaca9737c3409bf25de9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Emergence of Modern America Description An account of the resource The idea of a “Modern United States” begins with the advent of the Progressive era. The Progressive movement focused on reforms they viewed as necessary after drastic increases in industrialization, immigration, urbanization and corruption in the business and political realms. One of the most successful reform movements of the time periods is the women’s suffrage movement. Other movements that gained traction on a new scale during this era were the labor movement, including the rise of unions, and the Harlem Renaissance and northward migration of the African American population. The time also saw a resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan in direct retaliation to increased immigration and shifting roles for African Americans. With all of the changes on the home front of America, this era also saw the emergence of the United States as a major world power. The Spanish-American War pitted the United States against a European power other than Great Britain for the first time, and battles spanned the Atlantic and Pacific. The war also led to the rise of Theodore Roosevelt, an increase in propaganda and marketing of a war, both through yellow journalism and war slogans and ephemera encouraging citizens to “Remember the Maine!” Soon after, the United States would come to find itself embroiled in World War I, despite strong isolationist tendencies. Along with a large death toll, World War I led to the development of the failed League of Nations, ultimately pushing the United States even further into an isolationist standing that would last for decades. The immediate postwar period of the “Roaring 20s” saw a domination in politics and economics by big business and its supporters, which would all come crashing down in less than a decade. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1890-1930 Person An individual. Birth Date 1882 Birthplace Lynchburg Death Date 1975 Occupation Poet Biographical Text Poet Anne Spencer (February 6, 1882–July 27, 1975) was born Annie Bethel Bannister in Henry County, and after her parents separated she grew up as Annie Scales (her mother's maiden name) in Mercer County, West Virginia. She graduated from Virginia Seminary (later Virginia University of Lynchburg) in 1899 and married fellow student Edward Spencer in 1901. They settled in Lynchburg, where they built a house and raised three children. Spencer fought racial discrimination and in 1913 helped establish a Lynchburg branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. A visiting NAACP field agent read Spencer's poetry and urged her to publish. Her first known poem appeared in The Crisis under the name Anne Spencer. Her work, most notably associated with the Harlem Renaissance, was well received and has appeared in numerous anthologies, earning Spencer recognition as an acclaimed American poet. She also influenced many of the African American writers and artists—among them W.E.B. Du Bois, Langston Hughes, and Paul Robeson—who stayed with the Spencers while traveling because few Virginia hotels were open to African Americans. In 1924 Spencer became the librarian at Lynchburg's only branch open to African Americans, which was located at the segregated Dunbar High School. She built its collection, sometimes with her own books, and shaped the reading habits of a generation of students until her retirement in 1945. She gradually withdrew from public life, although she continued to write. In 1976 her house was placed on the Virginia Landmarks Register. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/strong-mw-2016" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2016</a> Strong Men & Women in Virginia History honoree, Library of Virginia and Dominion. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?reload=9&v=B3gZXxAGhZk&feature=youtu.be" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Watch</a> Shaun Spencer-Hestor's speech on behalf of her late grandmother, Anne B. Spencer, at the 2016 Strong Men and Women in Virginia History awards ceremony on February 3, 2016. Bibliography Image Courtesy of Dunbar High School. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anne B. Spencer Subject The topic of the resource Strong Men and Women in Virginia History Description An account of the resource Harlem Renaissance poet Anne B. Spencer was also an advocate for the civil rights of African Americans. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Strong Men & Women in Virginia History Honoree Arts and Literature