17 10 378 https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/539d60abda553b641da092d2893928d0.jpg 4a02905eb4d99d56cd240f4b876b5f1f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Postwar United States Description An account of the resource The era immediately following World War II brought about vast changes, not only in foreign policy, but in economics and a changing civic landscape. The liberalism of the New Deal era grew into movements towards increasing civil liberties and economic opportunities, particularly for minorities and women. Protests became more and more common to the average American as groups demanded equal rights and voting equality. These movements were juxtaposed with Jim Crow laws and the reemergence of the KKK, which showed the darker side of life in the American South. The Cold War pitted the United States and its allies in the newly formed NATO against the ever-increasing and expanding Soviet Union and its fellow Communist regimes, particularly China, Korea and Vietnam. While this era is considered Postwar, it is in fact a move towards a new type of war, where campaigns are fought not only on the battleground, but in the political arena and social consciousness as well, fueled strongly by the increasing influence of television news. The fall of the Nazi regime opened the door to the Iron Curtain and Soviet dominance of Eastern Europe, and the defeat of Japan opened previously invaded lands to the chance to choose new leaders, many of whom sided with the tenants of Communism over those of Capitalism. The United States would spend much of this time period combating the “Domino Effect” to try and stem the spread of Communism, particularly in its own hemisphere with Cuba. At the same time, the United States invested millions into Western Europe through the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan to halt the spread of Communism further west. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1945-1970s Person An individual. Birth Date 1942 Birthplace Charlottesville Occupation Civil Rights Pioneer Biographical Text In 1958 Olivia Ferguson McQueen, a sixteen-year-old rising senior at the all-black Jackson P. Burley High School, led a group of students in challenging school segregation in Charlottesville. After a federal district court judge ruled in the students’ favor, the governor closed the all-white Lane High School, where McQueen was to attend, rather than integrate. In January 1959, state and federal courts simultaneously ruled that closing the schools violated Virginia’s constitution. After failing to force McQueen to complete the school year at Burley, the city’s school board provided tutors in its office for her and other plaintiffs in the suit. Despite encouragement from teachers and activists, her senior year was difficult because she was isolated from her peers and did not get to enjoy the many activities available to her counterparts. While McQueen watched her friends from Burley High receive their diplomas in June 1959, she had no ceremony and received only a makeshift certificate indicating the classes she had completed. She persevered, however, and in 1963 earned a bachelor’s degree in childhood education from Hampton Institute (now Hampton University). She later earned a master’s degree in education from Trinity College, in Washington, D.C. After spending her career as an educator outside Virginia, McQueen received her official high school diploma from the Charlottesville Public Schools on May 25, 2013. Decades after her challenge of segregation and personal sacrifice, she became a symbol of resilience and hope for the cause of equal access to education for all children. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/strong-mw-2014" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2014</a> Strong Men & Women in Virginia History honoree, Library of Virginia and Dominion. Bibliography Image Courtesy of Olivia Ferguson McQueen. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Olivia Ferguson McQueen Subject The topic of the resource Strong Men and Women in Virginia History Description An account of the resource Civil rights pioneer Olivia Ferguson McQueen successfully challenged school segregation in 1959, but did not receive her diploma for another fifty-four years. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Strong Men & Women in Virginia History Honoree Civil Rights and Reform Education https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/d7e2d8ab36643756403eeb64e1bd1716.jpg 5940019689dc6f5dfec7ed6f704880cb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Emergence of Modern America Description An account of the resource The idea of a “Modern United States” begins with the advent of the Progressive era. The Progressive movement focused on reforms they viewed as necessary after drastic increases in industrialization, immigration, urbanization and corruption in the business and political realms. One of the most successful reform movements of the time periods is the women’s suffrage movement. Other movements that gained traction on a new scale during this era were the labor movement, including the rise of unions, and the Harlem Renaissance and northward migration of the African American population. The time also saw a resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan in direct retaliation to increased immigration and shifting roles for African Americans. With all of the changes on the home front of America, this era also saw the emergence of the United States as a major world power. The Spanish-American War pitted the United States against a European power other than Great Britain for the first time, and battles spanned the Atlantic and Pacific. The war also led to the rise of Theodore Roosevelt, an increase in propaganda and marketing of a war, both through yellow journalism and war slogans and ephemera encouraging citizens to “Remember the Maine!” Soon after, the United States would come to find itself embroiled in World War I, despite strong isolationist tendencies. Along with a large death toll, World War I led to the development of the failed League of Nations, ultimately pushing the United States even further into an isolationist standing that would last for decades. The immediate postwar period of the “Roaring 20s” saw a domination in politics and economics by big business and its supporters, which would all come crashing down in less than a decade. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1890-1930 Person An individual. Birth Date Circa 1864 Birthplace Richmond Death Date 1931 Occupation Educator and Community Advocate Biographical Text Born, probably enslaved, in Marion, Virginia, James Heyward Blackwell (ca. February 1864–October 14, 1931) grew up in Manchester, across the James River from Richmond. Although his parents could not read or write, they encouraged him to obtain an education. After being tutored by the local pastor of the First Baptist Church, Blackwell graduated in 1880 from Richmond Theological Institute (now Virginia Union University). He taught in New Kent County for two years before returning to Manchester when its segregated public schools began hiring African American teachers. In 1888 he became principal and initiated a high school curriculum. After the consolidation of Manchester and Richmond in 1910, his school was named the Maury School. Richmond law forbade Blackwell from being principal, so he returned to teaching. He remained the de facto chief administrator of the Maury School until 1916, when a white principal was hired for the renamed Dunbar School. Blackwell retired in 1922, after more than forty years in public education. Throughout his career he was also a leader in fraternal orders and Baptist Sunday school organizations. Devoted to expanding opportunities in the African American community, Blackwell helped establish a building and loan association, an insurance company, and real estate businesses. He also managed two employment agencies, including one for African American teachers. In 1951 the Dunbar School became a combined elementary and junior high school, and the following year the Richmond School Board renamed it the James H. Blackwell School. An elementary school alone since 1970, it has given its name to the surrounding neighborhood. Nominated by Barbara Sookins-Goode, James H. Blackwell Elementary School, Richmond. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/strong-mw-2014" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2014</a> Strong Men & Women in Virginia History honoree, Library of Virginia and Dominion. Bibliography Image Courtesy of the Library of Virginia. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource James Heyward Blackwell Subject The topic of the resource Strong Men and Women in Virginia History Description An account of the resource James Heyward Blackwell advanced the cause of African American public education in Richmond for more than forty years. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Strong Men & Women in Virginia History Honoree Community Leadership and Philanthropy Education https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/6a55c93512e0690de595f875ea8b48e9.jpg a6fe11c1caf2df9467d78e4ae7786553 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Expansion and Reform Description An account of the resource Between 1800 and 1860, the United States underwent a period of increased territorial expansion, immigration, economic growth, and industrialization. At the same time as the nation was increasing in population and size, regional differences were becoming more and more pronounced, and politically confrontational. The idea of “Manifest Destiny” led to movements first across the Appalachians, then across the Mississippi, and finally with the goal of reaching the Pacific Ocean, encouraged by the Gold Rush. This expansion, however, did have some negative results, most notably, the removal of many Indian nations in the Southeast and old Northwest. While the Louisiana Purchase increased the size of the nation more or less peacefully, large amounts of square footage were also acquired through the America’s victory in the Mexican-American War. Economic development, while increasing wealth and prosperity, also brought regional differences more sharply into focus. While the North began its path of Industrial Revolution, its increased urbanization and technological advancements separated it even further from an agrarian South. There was also a "transportation revolution" involving railroads, canals, and trans-regional roads, many times centered in the North. Slavery was also becoming a larger factor in the South, and would cause strife and political debate as new territory was added to the Union, particularly in the case of the Missouri Compromise and the Kansas–Nebraska Act which effectively repealed it. Despite expansion, free African Americans and women were still largely disenfranchised. Reforms movements occurred in bursts, setting the stage for post-Civil War major reforms. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1800-1860 Person An individual. Birth Date 1780 Birthplace Charles City County Death Date 1828 Occupation Baptist Minister and Settler of Liberia Biographical Text Lott Cary (ca. 1780–November 10, 1828) was born enslaved in Charles City County. Early details of his life are uncertain, although later biographies embellished various stories. In 1804, his owner hired him out to work in the tobacco warehouses of Richmond. There Cary experienced a religious conversion about 1807, became a lay preacher by 1815, and was later ordained a Baptist minister. About 1813 he had saved enough money by his labor to purchase his freedom and that of his two children by his first wife. Interested in mission work, he helped found the Richmond African Baptist Missionary Society in 1815. When the American Colonization Society announced plans to settle American freedpeople in West Africa, Cary decided to go. Several white Richmonders provided financial assistance for a group to sail in 1821. Cary was among the settlers who founded the town of Monrovia in the colony of Liberia, of which he was elected vice agent in 1826 and 1827. He established a joint stock company to improve Monrovia’s harbor and helped extend the colony’s territory. He served as the pastor of Providence Baptist Church and president of the Monrovia Baptist Missionary Society. While preparing munitions to defend the colony in November 1828, Cary was killed by an accidental gunpowder explosion. After his death, advocates of colonization used Lott Cary’s life story to promote the idea of a successful colony, making him one of the most famous black men of the early 19th century. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/strong-mw-2015" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2015</a> Strong Men & Women in Virginia History honoree, Library of Virginia and Dominion. Bibliography Image Courtesy of Virginia Baptist Historical Society. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Lott Cary Subject The topic of the resource Strong Men and Women in Virginia History Description An account of the resource Born into slavery, Lott Cary purchased his own freedom and became an early leader in the new West African colony of Liberia. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015 Strong Men & Women in Virginia History Honoree Community Leadership and Philanthropy Religion https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/ed5cd7eb2d34f536926c9eb92b121d7f.jpg 30b14be9bca4528189841fdef6691341 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Civil War and Reconstruction Description An account of the resource The Civil War was undoubtedly one of the most important events in American history. The war challenged not only the issue of slavery, but the also the balance of federal versus state powers and the power of constitutional government. In the end, not only did the war preserve the Union as Lincoln had spoken of, but it also freed nearly four million African Americans from slavery. The war also highlighted stark differences in regions of the country. These differences ranged from political to religious to economic. There were many cases of brother fighting brother, neighbor fighting neighbor, and men who had previously been in the United States military service choosing to fight for the Confederacy, most notably, Robert E. Lee. The war also saw an increase in battlefield news coverage and photography, along with the first assassination of an American President. Following the war, the nation was faced with the problem of Reconstruction. The 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments were aimed towards providing full equality for African Americans, but did face opposition on many levels. Despite headway, the North and the South both had strong objections to Radical Reconstruction and full social and racial democratization. Many Americans opposed the idea of redistributing wealth and were still in favor of strong local rights and government. In some cases, Reconstruction increased the racial divide, giving rise to movements such as the KKK. Learn more in the National History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1850-1877 Person An individual. Birth Date 1818 Birthplace Dinwiddie County Death Date 1907 Occupation Seamstress and Author Biographical Text Born a slave in Dinwiddie County, Elizabeth Hobbs Keckly (February 1818–May 26, 1907), did not discover until later in life that her biological father was her mother’s white owner. She experienced slavery’s hardships early when her mother’s enslaved husband was separated from the family, and she suffered physical abuse at the hands of her owners. After moving to St. Louis with her owner’s daughter, she married James Keckly and began to earn money as a seamstress. By 1855 her many patrons had raised enough money to purchase the freedom of Keckly and her son. They relocated to Washington, D.C., where she developed a clientele that included many prominent women. Keckly came to the attention of Mary Todd Lincoln and in 1861 became not only her personal dressmaker, but also a confidante. During the Civil War, Keckly helped establish the Contraband Relief Association to provide assistance for black refugees. After Abraham Lincoln’s assassination, Keckly resumed her career in Washington. To help raise money for the indebted Mrs. Lincoln, Keckly wrote Behind the Scenes, Or, Thirty Years a Slave, and Four Years in the White House (1868). The publisher misspelled her name as Keckley, which subsequently became the most commonly used spelling. The Lincoln family was incensed at the revealing personal details it contained, and the book did not sell many copies. Keckly continued sewing, trained young dressmakers, and in the 1890s taught sewing and domestic arts at Wilberforce University, in Ohio. She died at the National Home for Destitute Colored Women and Children, in Washington, D.C., which she had helped establish in 1863. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/strong-mw-2014" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2014</a> Strong Men & Women in Virginia History honoree, Library of Virginia and Dominion. Bibliography Image Courtesy of the Library of Virginia. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Elizabeth Hobbs Keckly Subject The topic of the resource Strong Men and Women in Virginia History Description An account of the resource Seamstress and confidante of Mary Todd Lincoln, former slave Elizabeth Hobbs Keckly wrote a book detailing her life and experiences in the White House. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Strong Men & Women in Virginia History Honoree Arts and Literature https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/0283ef35498b017b8cf5a76d95793548.jpg 802b310eb68a7270ef38a0a878aa544f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Development of the Industrial United States Description An account of the resource From Reconstruction to the end of the 19th century, the United States went through a dramatic shift in its economic landscape. Industrialization changed not only the nature of business, but also brought technological advances and demand for an ever-increasing workforce. A rapid expansion of the power of big business was countered with the rise of labor movements, and often resulted in conflict, sometimes violent in nature. In contrast to the positive outcomes of technological developments, there were ecological effects not understood at the time, and unhealthy working conditions that often sparked big labor disputes and strikes. This shift was felt not only in the industrial big cities of the North and Midwest, but also in the realm of farming, where the United States was now put into the role of the world’s premier food producer. This era is defined largely by unprecedented immigration and urbanization, both of which fed the industrial system. Immigrants, for the first time, were less and less likely to come from Western Europe, now coming from Southern and Eastern Europe, Asia, Mexico, and Central America. Along with the need for expanding educational systems, which were often structured to push assimilation, the rise in immigration also led to religious tensions as Protestantism was no longer the dominating faith of immigrants. At the same time as immigrants were flooding the ports of the United States, the government launched wars against the Plains Indians, forcing the “second great removal” and defining a federal Indian policy that would last for decades. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1870-1900 Person An individual. Birth Date 1848 Birthplace Manassas Death Date 1913 Occupation Educator Biographical Text Born enslaved in Loudoun County, Jennie Serepta Dean (April 15, 1848–May 3, 1913) became involved with education at about the age of 30 when she founded a Sunday school in Prince William County. From there she established more religious schools, several of which grew into church congregations. She also taught classes in cooking and sewing. Dean began planning a new institution that would teach skilled trades to African Americans. She, her sister, and one other person started building local support for the idea in 1888. Dean's organization found a suitable site near Manassas. She spent five years raising money and planning for the new school, even working as a cook in Massachusetts to build funds. Her efforts led to the establishment of the Manassas Industrial School for Colored Youth. Frederick Douglass spoke at the dedication, and the first students arrived in 1894. The school offered regular classes along with occupational courses such as carpentry, shoemaking, and sewing. Dean served as the school's matron for a time and also sat on its board of directors. It became so successful that Dean, students, and faculty met with President Theodore Roosevelt at the White House in 1906. The institution became a regional high school in 1938 and operated until 1959. In 1995 the Manassas Museum System dedicated the Manassas Industrial School and Jennie Dean Memorial at the institution's former location. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/strong-mw-2013" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2013</a> Strong Men & Women in Virginia History honoree, Library of Virginia and Dominion. Bibliography Image Courtesy of Manassas Museum Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Jennie Serepta Dean Subject The topic of the resource Strong Men and Women in Virginia History Description An account of the resource Born into slavery, Jennie Serepta Dean founded a school at a time when segregation limited educational opportunities for African American students. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013 Strong Men & Women in Virginia History Honoree Education https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/e2c58379227d649a5684b0c55ba832f6.jpg 970340d5e4543fb6654ce57c8cf0a24c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Development of the Industrial United States Description An account of the resource From Reconstruction to the end of the 19th century, the United States went through a dramatic shift in its economic landscape. Industrialization changed not only the nature of business, but also brought technological advances and demand for an ever-increasing workforce. A rapid expansion of the power of big business was countered with the rise of labor movements, and often resulted in conflict, sometimes violent in nature. In contrast to the positive outcomes of technological developments, there were ecological effects not understood at the time, and unhealthy working conditions that often sparked big labor disputes and strikes. This shift was felt not only in the industrial big cities of the North and Midwest, but also in the realm of farming, where the United States was now put into the role of the world’s premier food producer. This era is defined largely by unprecedented immigration and urbanization, both of which fed the industrial system. Immigrants, for the first time, were less and less likely to come from Western Europe, now coming from Southern and Eastern Europe, Asia, Mexico, and Central America. Along with the need for expanding educational systems, which were often structured to push assimilation, the rise in immigration also led to religious tensions as Protestantism was no longer the dominating faith of immigrants. At the same time as immigrants were flooding the ports of the United States, the government launched wars against the Plains Indians, forcing the “second great removal” and defining a federal Indian policy that would last for decades. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1870-1900 Person An individual. Birth Date 1845 Birthplace Northampton County Death Date 1886 Occupation Legislator Biographical Text Born into slavery in Eastville, in Northampton County, Peter Jacob Carter (May 29, 1845–July 19, 1886) joined Company B of the 10th United States Colored Troops in October 1863 and served in Virginia through the end of the Civil War and later in Texas before his discharge in May 1866. He briefly attended Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute (later Hampton University) before winning election to the House of Delegates in 1871. Carter was reelected three times and served for eight consecutive years, one of the longest tenures of any of the approximately 100 African American men who served in the General Assembly or in the postwar constitutional convention during the final three decades of the nineteenth century. He served as temporary chair at the opening of the 1876 and 1880 Republican Party state conventions and was a delegate to the party's national convention both years. Early in the 1880s Carter and most other African American political leaders in Virginia took part in a bi-racial reform party known as the Readjusters, who refinanced the public debt, replaced a budget deficit with a surplus, and made major reforms in public education, including founding the Virginia Normal and Collegiate Institute (later Virginia State University), of which Carter was the first rector. An excellent public speaker, Carter campaigned for Republican candidates throughout eastern Virginia during the 1870s and later in the 1880s after the Readjuster Party ceased to exist. He continued to participate in Republican Party politics until his death. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/strong-mw-2013" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2013</a> Strong Men & Women in Virginia History honoree, Library of Virginia and Dominion. Bibliography Image Courtesy of the Library of Virginia. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Peter Jacob Carter Subject The topic of the resource Strong Men and Women in Virginia History Description An account of the resource Peter Jacob Carter rose from slavery to be an influential member of the General Assembly and sought-after political speaker during the 1870s and 1880s. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013 Strong Men & Women in Virginia History Honoree Government and Law https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/5c7febd6cbea273ac84c5d181853573e.jpg b60143dddbbcfabff2ee98f0e200194e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Civil War and Reconstruction Description An account of the resource The Civil War was undoubtedly one of the most important events in American history. The war challenged not only the issue of slavery, but the also the balance of federal versus state powers and the power of constitutional government. In the end, not only did the war preserve the Union as Lincoln had spoken of, but it also freed nearly four million African Americans from slavery. The war also highlighted stark differences in regions of the country. These differences ranged from political to religious to economic. There were many cases of brother fighting brother, neighbor fighting neighbor, and men who had previously been in the United States military service choosing to fight for the Confederacy, most notably, Robert E. Lee. The war also saw an increase in battlefield news coverage and photography, along with the first assassination of an American President. Following the war, the nation was faced with the problem of Reconstruction. The 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments were aimed towards providing full equality for African Americans, but did face opposition on many levels. Despite headway, the North and the South both had strong objections to Radical Reconstruction and full social and racial democratization. Many Americans opposed the idea of redistributing wealth and were still in favor of strong local rights and government. In some cases, Reconstruction increased the racial divide, giving rise to movements such as the KKK. Learn more in the National History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1850-1877 Person An individual. Birth Date 1840 Birthplace Norfolk Death Date 1908 Occupation Medal of Honor Recipient Biographical Text Born enslaved in Norfolk, William H. Carney (February 29, 1840–December 9, 1908) expressed an early interest in religion and attended a school run by a local minister. His father escaped during the 1850s to New Bedford, Massachusetts, and he purchased Carney and his mother out of slavery when they were not freed as promised by their owner’s will. After the Emancipation Proclamation authorized African Americans to participate in combat, Carney joined the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment, the first black military unit raised in the North. The 54th Regiment led the charge on July 18, 1863, against Fort Wagner, one of the strongest defenses around Charleston, South Carolina. When the flag bearer was shot down in battle, Carney saved the American flag and planted it on the parapet. When the troops fell back he retrieved the flag, despite having received several serious wounds. As he handed it over to his regiment, Carney said, “Boys, the old flag never touched the ground.” He was honorably discharged in June 1864 and returned to New Bedford. Carney worked as one of the earliest U.S. letter carriers after the war, and he frequently spoke in public about how he saved the flag. In 1897 he received a standing ovation while attending the unveiling ceremony for the Boston monument to Colonel Robert Gould Shaw of the 54th Massachusetts. After 37 years, Carney received the Medal of Honor on May 23, 1900, for his heroism during the assault on Fort Wagner. When Carney died in 1908, the U.S. flag flew at half-mast at the Massachusetts State House. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/strong-mw-2015" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2015</a> Strong Men & Women in Virginia History honoree, Library of Virginia and Dominion. <a href="http://youtu.be/QLEPCbN4X5U" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Watch</a> Carl Cruz's speech at the 2015 Strong Men and Women in Virginia History awards ceremony on February 4, 2015. Mr. Cruz was representing Sgt. William Harvey Carney posthumously. Bibliography Image Courtesy of West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource William Harvey Carney Subject The topic of the resource Strong Men and Women in Virginia History Description An account of the resource For his bravery during battle in the American Civil War, Sergeant William H. Carney was the first African American to be awarded the Medal of Honor. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015 Strong Men & Women in Virginia History Honoree Military https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/47d86906fd2ed25b2c86d6e94471f3ea.jpg 4e56bf69f3f2344141538d157d2d2ec6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Contemporary United States Description An account of the resource This era is, in large part, a study of the United States as a global power – politically, economically and militarily. The detente with the Communist China under Nixon begins a shift in our “Domino Theory” in Asia. The collapse of the Soviet Union, the overthrow of communist governments in Eastern Europe, and the end of the Cold War and the nuclear arms race also changed how the United States interacted with Europe. At the same time, intervention and actions increased in our own hemisphere and in the Middle East. Terrorism also became a driving force behind foreign policy. Politically, there was a shift away from liberalism for much of this time period. Political scandals such as Watergate and Iran-Contra were treated differently than previous scandals, thanks in large part to an increase in television coverage. The governmental role in the economy, environmental protection, social welfare, and more shifted greatly during this time period and that role, and its scope, are still being debated today. Socially, this time period saw for the first time immigration primarily from Asia and Central America. A new wave of reform movements promoted environmental, feminist, and civil rights agendas. There was also a resurgence of religious evangelicalism. Technological advances once again redefined not only the economic landscape of America, but also the lives of everyday citizens. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968-Present Person An individual. Birth Date 1940 Birthplace Accomack County Occupation Aviation Pioneer and Philanthropist Biographical Text William E. Bailey graduated from Accomack County’s segregated high school at the age of 15 and went on to study at Virginia State College (later Virginia State University). There he excelled in wrestling and in 2003 was named to the VSU Sports Hall of Fame. Before graduating in 1960, he entered the Reserve Officers’ Training Corps and in March 1962 he joined the army as a second lieutenant. At a time when few African Americans served as army aviators, Bailey was a combat pilot during the Vietnam War. He received many honors, including two Distinguished Flying Crosses, three Bronze Stars, and two Purple Hearts. Before retiring with the rank of colonel, he also served as a pilot assignment officer at the Pentagon and as the personal pilot for General William Westmoreland and Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey. Following his retirement Bailey became a commercial pilot for Continental Airlines. During his four decades in military and commercial aviation, he trained more than 1,000 students. A mentor to African-American students, he strives to increase diversity in the field of aviation and has assisted aspiring pilots through programs supported by the Organization of Black Airline Pilots. Bailey stresses the importance of pursuing higher education. As a member of the VSU Foundation's board of trustees, he has worked tirelessly to cultivate endowments and scholarships and helped establish the Bailey Family Endowment, which has provided more than $150,000 in financial aid to VSU students. In 2016 Bailey was inducted into the Virginia Aviation Hall of Fame. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/strong-mw-2017" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2017</a> Strong Men & Women in Virginia History honoree, Library of Virginia and Dominion. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rVnijJV7ddA" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Watch</a> William Bailey's speech at the 2017 Strong Men and Women in Virginia History awards ceremony on February 3, 2017. Bibliography Image Courtesy of Bill Bailey. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource William E. Bailey Subject The topic of the resource Strong Men and Women in Virginia History Description An account of the resource After a decorated career as a military and commercial pilot, William E. Bailey continues to work for increased diversity in the aviation profession and to expand educational opportunities for African Americans. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017 Strong Men & Women in Virginia History Honoree Community Leadership and Philanthropy Military Sports and Media https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/5539522ad12546ffe4cfcf22c6dd26ff.jpg be3777c79c1d630efea954df53fdf721 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Postwar United States Description An account of the resource The era immediately following World War II brought about vast changes, not only in foreign policy, but in economics and a changing civic landscape. The liberalism of the New Deal era grew into movements towards increasing civil liberties and economic opportunities, particularly for minorities and women. Protests became more and more common to the average American as groups demanded equal rights and voting equality. These movements were juxtaposed with Jim Crow laws and the reemergence of the KKK, which showed the darker side of life in the American South. The Cold War pitted the United States and its allies in the newly formed NATO against the ever-increasing and expanding Soviet Union and its fellow Communist regimes, particularly China, Korea and Vietnam. While this era is considered Postwar, it is in fact a move towards a new type of war, where campaigns are fought not only on the battleground, but in the political arena and social consciousness as well, fueled strongly by the increasing influence of television news. The fall of the Nazi regime opened the door to the Iron Curtain and Soviet dominance of Eastern Europe, and the defeat of Japan opened previously invaded lands to the chance to choose new leaders, many of whom sided with the tenants of Communism over those of Capitalism. The United States would spend much of this time period combating the “Domino Effect” to try and stem the spread of Communism, particularly in its own hemisphere with Cuba. At the same time, the United States invested millions into Western Europe through the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan to halt the spread of Communism further west. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1945-1970s Person An individual. Birth Date 1929 Birthplace Petersburg Occupation Civil Rights Actvisit Biographical Text Wyatt Tee Walker (August 16, 1929-January 23, 2018) graduated from Virginia Union University in Richmond in 1950 and from its Graduate School of Religion in 1953. From 1953 to 1960 he was pastor of Gillfield Baptist Church in Petersburg, where he became president of the local branch of the NAACP and was arrested for trying to borrow a book about Robert E. Lee from the Petersburg Public Library. Walker served as the first full-time executive director of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference from 1960 to 1964. He played a major role in the Civil Rights movement and worked closely with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Walker was arrested during a Freedom Riders protest in Birmingham in 1961 and helped organize the 1963 march on Washington. In 1966 Walker became pastor of Canaan Baptist Church of Christ, in Harlem, New York City. During the 1970s he advised the governor on urban affairs. In 1978 Walker organized the International Freedom Mobilization to protest apartheid in South Africa and later welcomed Nelson Mandela to his church in New York. Walker also studied African American church music and became a nationally recognized authority on the subject. He published more than a dozen books on religious and musical subjects and later took part in documenting the Civil Rights movement. After suffering a stroke in 2003 and retiring from his ministry, Walker returned to Virginia, where he lives in Chester and remains active in promoting Christian brotherhood. UPDATE: Walker died at his Chesterfield County home on January 23, 2018. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/strong-mw-2013" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2013</a> Strong Men & Women in Virginia History honoree, Library of Virginia and Dominion. Bibliography Image Courtesy of Wyatt T. Walker. Death Date 2018 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wyatt Tee Walker Subject The topic of the resource Strong Men and Women in Virginia History Description An account of the resource A nationally celebrated Baptist minister, Wyatt Tee Walker was a pioneer in the Civil Rights movement. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013 Strong Men & Women in Virginia History Honoree Civil Rights and Reform Religion https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/9381052b1fb13a934418a56eaaaf36f9.jpg d03845d122e20e6b301f9c1424e7da1c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Contemporary United States Description An account of the resource This era is, in large part, a study of the United States as a global power – politically, economically and militarily. The detente with the Communist China under Nixon begins a shift in our “Domino Theory” in Asia. The collapse of the Soviet Union, the overthrow of communist governments in Eastern Europe, and the end of the Cold War and the nuclear arms race also changed how the United States interacted with Europe. At the same time, intervention and actions increased in our own hemisphere and in the Middle East. Terrorism also became a driving force behind foreign policy. Politically, there was a shift away from liberalism for much of this time period. Political scandals such as Watergate and Iran-Contra were treated differently than previous scandals, thanks in large part to an increase in television coverage. The governmental role in the economy, environmental protection, social welfare, and more shifted greatly during this time period and that role, and its scope, are still being debated today. Socially, this time period saw for the first time immigration primarily from Asia and Central America. A new wave of reform movements promoted environmental, feminist, and civil rights agendas. There was also a resurgence of religious evangelicalism. Technological advances once again redefined not only the economic landscape of America, but also the lives of everyday citizens. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968-Present Person An individual. Birth Date 1943 Birthplace Suffolk Occupation Scientist Biographical Text Margaret Ellen Mayo Tolbert lost both her parents while growing up, but with support from her grandmother and mentors she graduated as valedictorian from East Suffolk High School. One of the few women studying chemistry at Tuskegee Institute (later Tuskegee University), she earned a bachelor of science degree in 1967. She went on to receive a master of science degree in analytical chemistry from Wayne State University and a doctorate in biochemistry from Brown University. In 1979 Tolbert became the first woman to direct Tuskegee’s Carver Research Foundation, a position that allowed her to travel to affiliated institutions in Africa. She later entered government service and in 1994 became director of the Division of Educational Programs at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Argonne National Laboratory. Two years later she became the first African American and first woman named director of a Department of Energy laboratory (New Brunswick Laboratory). Tolbert was a senior advisor at the National Science Foundation, where she managed science and technology centers at major universities, and also worked to increase diversity in science and technology from 2002 until her retirement in 2011. Tolbert has received numerous honors, including Tuskegee’s George Washington Carver Distinguished Service Award in 2007. She was named a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1988. The author of numerous scientific papers, she also published her memoir, Resilience in the Face of Adversity: A Suffolkian’s Life Story (2015), in which she affirms the human ability to survive the unexpected, rally against adversity, and charge ahead on a path to personal accomplishment. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/strong-mw-2017" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2017</a> Strong Men & Women in Virginia History honoree, Library of Virginia and Dominion. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=14DBSAWbN5U" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Watch</a> Margaret Tolbert's speech at the 2017 Strong Men and Women in Virginia History awards ceremony on February 3, 2017. Bibliography Image Courtesy of Margaret E. M. Tolbert. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Margaret Ellen Mayo Tolbert Subject The topic of the resource Strong Men and Women in Virginia History Description An account of the resource Throughout her pioneering career in science, Margaret Ellen Mayo Tolbert has encouraged and inspired women and minorities to choose careers in math and science. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017 Strong Men & Women in Virginia History Honoree Science and Medicine