22 10 378 https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/1818db7b0e1d511d090faf6c459a551f.jpg d82233f125a5d23ba6e97edb530c1543 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Revolution and the New Nation Description An account of the resource The American Revolution is often considered one of the most crucial times of United States history to study, as it lays the groundwork for all political history following it. Not only did it end the colonial relationship with England, but it brought about political change that would not only shape our lives, but would serve as an example for other nations. It also called into question social and political relationships, raising questions of freedom and inalienable rights. Some of America’s most important documents and greatest political minds come from this era. The war itself also was Revolutionary, with successful guerilla-style fighting and the defeat by colonials of well-trained British military forces. Following the war, the creation of the Constitution and the process of ratification shifted not only the style of government, but also the way in which governments functioned and an increased public investment. This process also called into question the balance of power between federal and state, an issue that would continue to be present in American Politics well after the Constitution of 1787 and the Bill of Rights were completed. Despite strong unity among many in the Revolution, economic, regional, social, ideological, religious, and political tensions did not fade, and in some cases, increased, as America sought to define itself. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1754-1820s Person An individual. Birthplace Williamsburg Death Date 1774 Occupation Printer Biographical Text Clementina Rind (d. September 25, 1774) exemplifies colonial businesswomen as the first female printer in Virginia. She may have been born about 1740 and might have arrived in Maryland in the 1750s. The date when she married printer William Rind there is unknown. The couple settled in Williamsburg, Virginia, in 1765, and William Rind began publishing the Virginia Gazette on May 16, 1766. When he died in August 1773, Clementina Rind continued publishing the newspaper without missing an issue. She maintained the Virginia Gazette as a nonpartisan newspaper that, in addition to political news, contained a wide range of articles that indicated a special interest in science, philanthropy, and education. She appealed to her female readers by including poems and letters of advice. Rind petitioned the General Assembly to be appointed the colony's public printer, and in May 1774 she was elected by a two-to-one margin over two male printers. In 1774 her shop printed A Summary View of the Rights of British America, Thomas Jefferson's thoughts on the excesses of the British Parliament and King George III. The mother of five children, Clementina Rind died in 1774 and was buried probably next to her husband in Bruton Parish Church graveyard. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/va-women-2000" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2000</a> Virginia Women in History honoree, Virginia Foundation for Women and Delta Kappa Gamma Society International. <a href="https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/rind-clementina-d-1774/">Learn more about Clementina Rind</a> in her Dictionary of Virginia Biography entry online at Encyclopedia Virginia. Bibliography Photograph of Clementina Rind's statue on the Virginia Women's Monument courtesy of the Library of Virginia. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Clementina Rind Subject The topic of the resource Virginia Women In History Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2000 Virginia Women in History Honoree Description An account of the resource Clementina Rind was the first female printer in colonial Virginia. Business and Entrepreneurship https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/9b8754c30028505c52dfbfc3dd7de7a9.jpg 98a21905ec8a0ce2d7a92bb6800c1a76 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Revolution and the New Nation Description An account of the resource The American Revolution is often considered one of the most crucial times of United States history to study, as it lays the groundwork for all political history following it. Not only did it end the colonial relationship with England, but it brought about political change that would not only shape our lives, but would serve as an example for other nations. It also called into question social and political relationships, raising questions of freedom and inalienable rights. Some of America’s most important documents and greatest political minds come from this era. The war itself also was Revolutionary, with successful guerilla-style fighting and the defeat by colonials of well-trained British military forces. Following the war, the creation of the Constitution and the process of ratification shifted not only the style of government, but also the way in which governments functioned and an increased public investment. This process also called into question the balance of power between federal and state, an issue that would continue to be present in American Politics well after the Constitution of 1787 and the Bill of Rights were completed. Despite strong unity among many in the Revolution, economic, regional, social, ideological, religious, and political tensions did not fade, and in some cases, increased, as America sought to define itself. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1754-1820s Person An individual. Birth Date 1731 Birthplace Fairfax County Death Date 1802 Occupation First Lady Biographical Text The daughter of a New Kent County planter family, Martha Dandridge (June 2, 1731–May 22, 1802) received an education and at age eighteen married the wealthy Daniel Parke Custis. After his death in 1757, she inherited 17,500 acres of land and 300 enslaved persons. Martha Custis married George Washington in 1759 and they moved to Mount Vernon, where she was responsible for managing the estate's domestic operations. Although they had no children of their own, they raised Martha Washington's two surviving children and later two of her grandchildren. An engaging companion, she joined her husband at his winter camps during the Revolutionary War. She was the general's closest confidant, and served as his secretary and as his representative at official functions. She comforted sick and wounded soldiers and her presence helped boost the camp's morale. When George Washington was elected president, Martha Washington understood that her behavior would set a precedent for the wives of the country's future chief executives. Among her important initiatives was establishing weekly receptions at the presidential mansion that were open to anyone, including members of Congress, visiting dignitaries, and local residents. Devastated after the death her husband in 1799, she focused on her grandchildren and lived quietly at Mount Vernon. She freed her husband's slaves, which he had instructed in his will to be done after her death. Suffering poor health at the end of her life, Martha Washington died in 1802 and was buried in the family tomb at Mount Vernon. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/va-women-2004" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2004</a> Virginia Women in History honoree, Virginia Foundation for Women. Bibliography Image Courtesy of the National Portrait Gallery, Washington, D.C. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Martha Dandridge Custis Washington Subject The topic of the resource Virginia Women In History Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2004 Virginia Women in History Honoree Description An account of the resource Martha Washington was her husband's confidant and established the public role of First Lady after his election as president. Government and Law https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/741d9f385e3b11661a6de3936bbb8191.jpg da377d13da7ea56b0aadd169a803a85f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Colonization and Settlement Description An account of the resource The colonial era in American history is essential in setting the framework for all the eras to follow. Nearly two centuries of colonization on the continent and in the Caribbean provide three distinct groups to study – indigenous peoples, Africans brought to the colonies and Europeans, both the colonial powers and the generations born on American soil. The varying reasons for departure from Europe set the stage for how different colonies came into being, and interacted with each other. Violent conflicts, importation of disease and dispossession of native lands were all results of Europeans’ interactions with the indigenous populations. The importation of slaves also led to an economic structure in some colonies that became, in their minds, reliant on the continued existence of slave labor. The role of religion is extremely important during this time period. It was a defining characteristic of some colonies, as opposed to the economic reasons others were established. Ideas of religious freedom, denominationalism and the Great Awakening all impacted daily life in the colonies. Government structure and political life had distinct characteristics in New England, the mid-Atlantic, and the South differed in the ways they groped their way toward mature political institutions. Religion and politics were often influenced by the European nation who colonized the area – French, Spanish, Dutch or English. Economics were affected by geographic location and the local natural resources, adding to regional differences, and sometimes, division. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1607-1763 Person An individual. Birth Date 1692 Birthplace Isle of Wight County Death Date 1774 Occupation Planter and Philanthropist Biographical Text Elizabeth Bray (ca. 1692–by February 22, 1774) grew up near Williamsburg and, unlike many young women at the time, learned to read and write. She married Arthur Allen in 1711 and after his death sixteen years later she managed his Surry County plantation and large brick home that later became known as Bacon's Castle. In order to secure the property that she had inherited for herself and her children, in 1729 she entered into a marriage contract with Arthur Smith. In 1753 Elizabeth Smith established a £140 trust fund to create a free school for six poor boys and girls in Smithfield. She named the trustees and gave directions for the construction of the building. She specified that boys would study reading, writing, and arithmetic for three years and that girls would study reading and writing for two years. After their schooling the boys would be apprenticed to learn a trade and the girls would learn about household matters from local women. After her third marriage early in the 1760s, Elizabeth Stith continued her interest in the school. When she wrote her will, she provided for the education of a goddaughter and left £120 and the remainder of her estate to the Smithfield school, which continued to operate at least until the Revolutionary War. She was a wealthy woman with personal property valued at £350, including five enslaved laborers, when she died shortly before her will was proved in the Surry County Court on February, 22, 1774. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/va-women-2015" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2015</a> Virginia Women in History honoree, Library of Virginia. Bibliography Image Courtesy of the Library of Virginia. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Elizabeth Bray Allen Smith Stith Subject The topic of the resource Virginia Women In History Description An account of the resource At a time when married women had few rights, Elizabeth Bray Allen Smith Stith used her own funds to establish a free school for poor children. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015 Virginia Women in History Honoree Business and Entrepreneurship Community Leadership and Philanthropy https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/e9e0fa3269f021b0d1eff243bb85dd58.jpg 9cbbb31bb3adda45da57a13164d8909e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Revolution and the New Nation Description An account of the resource The American Revolution is often considered one of the most crucial times of United States history to study, as it lays the groundwork for all political history following it. Not only did it end the colonial relationship with England, but it brought about political change that would not only shape our lives, but would serve as an example for other nations. It also called into question social and political relationships, raising questions of freedom and inalienable rights. Some of America’s most important documents and greatest political minds come from this era. The war itself also was Revolutionary, with successful guerilla-style fighting and the defeat by colonials of well-trained British military forces. Following the war, the creation of the Constitution and the process of ratification shifted not only the style of government, but also the way in which governments functioned and an increased public investment. This process also called into question the balance of power between federal and state, an issue that would continue to be present in American Politics well after the Constitution of 1787 and the Bill of Rights were completed. Despite strong unity among many in the Revolution, economic, regional, social, ideological, religious, and political tensions did not fade, and in some cases, increased, as America sought to define itself. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1754-1820s Person An individual. Birth Date 1748 Birthplace Mecklenburg County Occupation Book Collector Biographical Text An avid book collector and amateur botanist, Jean Miller Skipwith, Lady Skipwith (February 21, 1748–May 19, 1826), assembled one of the largest libraries owned by a Virginia woman early in the nineteenth century. Born near Petersburg, Jean Miller began her lifelong passion for acquiring books after returning to Scotland with her family. She arrived back in Virginia at about age thirty and married Sir Peyton Skipwith, a widower, in the autumn of 1788. After 1795 they resided at Prestwould, in Mecklenburg County. While managing a large household that included her four children, Lady Skipwith continued to buy books and eventually acquired more than 800 volumes. Her library contained numerous novels and other works of fiction as well as volumes on travel, history, biography, encyclopedias, cookbooks, essay collections, and children's literature. A devoted gardener, Lady Skipwith owned botanical books that she used when compiling her extensive lists of flowers, shrubs, trees, and other plants that she grew and hoped to grow. She designed the gardens at Prestwould, including an orangery, a beehouse, and special beds where she could observe the growth habits of particular plants. She collected specimens locally and traded seeds with other gardeners in the United States and overseas, and her notes continue to be a valuable resource for historians and botanists in documenting early American gardens. Nominated by Alyson L. Taylor-White, Chester. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/va-women-2010" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2010</a> Virginia Women in History honoree, Library of Virginia. Bibliography Image Courtesy of the Library of Virginia. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Jean Miller Skipwith Subject The topic of the resource Virginia Women In History Description An account of the resource Jean Miller Skipwith, Lady Skipwith, assembled one of the largest libraries owned by a Virginia woman early in the nineteenth century. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010 Virginia Women in History Honoree Arts and Literature Science and Medicine https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/3061eeb542e66593801a630288f90e02.jpg baca3bdb005a933f4ae2f73c35188a3f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Revolution and the New Nation Description An account of the resource The American Revolution is often considered one of the most crucial times of United States history to study, as it lays the groundwork for all political history following it. Not only did it end the colonial relationship with England, but it brought about political change that would not only shape our lives, but would serve as an example for other nations. It also called into question social and political relationships, raising questions of freedom and inalienable rights. Some of America’s most important documents and greatest political minds come from this era. The war itself also was Revolutionary, with successful guerilla-style fighting and the defeat by colonials of well-trained British military forces. Following the war, the creation of the Constitution and the process of ratification shifted not only the style of government, but also the way in which governments functioned and an increased public investment. This process also called into question the balance of power between federal and state, an issue that would continue to be present in American Politics well after the Constitution of 1787 and the Bill of Rights were completed. Despite strong unity among many in the Revolution, economic, regional, social, ideological, religious, and political tensions did not fade, and in some cases, increased, as America sought to define itself. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1754-1820s Person An individual. Birth Date 1749 Birthplace Saltville Death Date 1825 Occupation Methodist Lay Leader Biographical Text Elizabeth Henry Campbell Russell (1749-1825) was compared favorably to her famous brother Patrick Henry, in part because she shared his unwavering drive and impressive oratorical skills. Born in Hanover County, she joined her first husband on the frontier of Southwest Virginia soon after their marriage in 1776. She kept busy, administering to sick and needy people. Soon after her husband's death, she remarried in 1781. In 1788 her family, which included her own children and stepchildren, moved to the present site of Saltville. That same year, Russell underwent a dramatic conversion to Methodism after attending a series of Methodist sermons. Embracing Methodism whole-heartedly, the Russells pledged their wealth to aid the church and influenced many people of the community to join. After her husband's death in 1793, Madame Russell, as she was known, increased her Methodist activism. She gave up her personal wealth but used the funds she had to support circuit riders and to pay to build churches. With a firm belief in God-given freedom for all people, she freed the slave that she owned. In 1812 she settled into a log cabin with a large room for holding religious meetings. Until her death, she hosted itinerant preachers and alerted community members whenever an impromptu service was to be held. When poor evangelists visited her, she bolstered them with food and clothing, as well as moral support and intellectual stimulation. The Madame Russell Methodist Church in Saltville is named in her honor. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/va-women-2011" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2011</a> Virginia Women in History honoree, Library of Virginia. Bibliography Image Courtesy of The Library of Virginia. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Elizabeth Henry Campbell Russell Subject The topic of the resource Virginia Women In History Description An account of the resource Setting a charitable example, Elizabeth Henry Campbell Russell fostered the fledgling Methodist Church in southwestern Virginia as a devoted adherent and through material and compassionate support of the church. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011 Virginia Women in History Honoree Community Leadership and Philanthropy Religion https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/521d2f4e2b09af0bf50330b9fd3defc3.jpg 3bc14228bed4470decb1c6888819fabb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Americas Description An account of the resource The study of American history begins more than 30,000 years ago with the arrival of the first peoples on the continent. Ancient societies existed in both North and South America, and would interact differently with European colonial powers. While the Vikings forayed onto American soil first, it was the late 15th century Columbian voyages that truly set the stage for the collision of cultures. These conquistadors were met with native populations undergoing their own changes and growth, the paths of which would be in some cases drastically altered by the arrival of more and more Europeans. The previous years of economic growth, innovation and religious issues led to an increase in trans-oceanic voyages and the development of colonial systems in the Americas, and the introduction of African slaves to both continents. There were major changes brought about during this time period. Populations were redistributed, both willingly and by force. Europe developed the first trans-oceanic empires, a system that would continue far past the American Revolution. Economic and commercial growth increased with the introduction of new natural resources and new labor forces. Finally, while Western Europe moved away from the idea of slavery and serfdom, these ideas had already taken hold in the colonies, most notably in the plantation system. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Beginnings to 1607 Person An individual. Death Date 1617 Birth Date ca. 1596 Birthplace Jamestown Biographical Text The daughter of Powhatan, the powerful paramount chief of the Algonquin Indians in eastern Virginia, Pocahontas (d. March 1617) was about eleven years old when the English colonists arrived at Jamestown in 1607. Although she had been named Matoaka and later adopted Rebecca as her name at the time of her marriage, she has been best known for four centuries by her nickname Pocahontas. John Smith later credited her as saving his life after he had been captured by Indians who took him to the town of Werowocomoco, Powhatan's home. She became a trusted visitor to the fort at Jamestown, delivering messages and food. She was known for her high spirits and was described as turning cartwheels around the fort with English boys. During the first Anglo-Powhatan War, Pocahontas was kidnapped by the English in April 1613 and held in captivity for a year. She met John Rolfe, a planter, and agreed to marry him and convert to Christianity. Their wedding on April 5, 1614, resulted in an interim of general peace in the colony. When the deputy governor sailed for England in 1616 to raise the colony's profile and funds for the Virginia Company, Pocahontas went with him along with her husband and infant son and others. While in London she attended balls, plays, and other social events, had an audience with the bishop of London, and was presented to the king. Her family planned to return to Virginia in March 1617, but Pocahontas died before their ship left and was buried on March 21, 1617, in St. George's Church, Gravesend, England. During the 19th century, the story of Pocahontas and how she saved John Smith became legendary in the history of Virginia's founding, while obscuring the life of a courageous young woman who strove to help her people through her actions. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/va-women-2000" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2000</a> Virginia Women in History honoree, Virginia Foundation for Women and Delta Kappa Gamma Society International. Bibliography Image Courtesy of the Library of Virginia. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Pocahontas Subject The topic of the resource Virginia Women In History Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2000 Virginia Women in History Honoree Description An account of the resource The daughter of the powerful paramount Indian chief, Pocahontas has become enshrined in American history as a savior of the Virginia colony. Community Leadership and Philanthropy Government and Law https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/4d82ecfe1297a53f4a59c8a3de05bb1d.jpg 96d7c1cae0510492ee43d4cb4afa125c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Americas Description An account of the resource The study of American history begins more than 30,000 years ago with the arrival of the first peoples on the continent. Ancient societies existed in both North and South America, and would interact differently with European colonial powers. While the Vikings forayed onto American soil first, it was the late 15th century Columbian voyages that truly set the stage for the collision of cultures. These conquistadors were met with native populations undergoing their own changes and growth, the paths of which would be in some cases drastically altered by the arrival of more and more Europeans. The previous years of economic growth, innovation and religious issues led to an increase in trans-oceanic voyages and the development of colonial systems in the Americas, and the introduction of African slaves to both continents. There were major changes brought about during this time period. Populations were redistributed, both willingly and by force. Europe developed the first trans-oceanic empires, a system that would continue far past the American Revolution. Economic and commercial growth increased with the introduction of new natural resources and new labor forces. Finally, while Western Europe moved away from the idea of slavery and serfdom, these ideas had already taken hold in the colonies, most notably in the plantation system. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Beginnings to 1607 Person An individual. Birthplace Chesterfield County Death Date 1610 Occupation Weroansqua Biographical Text Opossunoquonuske (died late in 1610) was a sister of Coquonasum, a weroance, or chief, of the Appamattuck Indians, one of several Powhatan tribes in league with the paramount chief, Powhatan. She was the weroansqua, or chief, of one of the Appamattuck towns near the mouth of the Appomattox River. The town was populous enough to put about twenty able fighting men into the field. Captain John Smith described her as young and comely. Opossunoquonuske was one of the first Virginia Indian leaders the English met in 1607. Englishmen called her the queen of Appamattuck. On May 26, Captain Christopher Newport visited her at what Englishmen called "Queene Apumatecs bower." She made a majestic entrance with her attendants and would "permitt none to stand or sitt neere her." Dignified and dressed more elegantly than anyone else, she wore a copper crown, and other copper jewelry adorned her ears and encircled her neck. Her long black hair hung down to the middle of her back. Gabriel Archer intended it as a compliment when he called her "a fatt lustie manly woman." Opossunoquonuske did not flinch, as other Indian leaders did, when at her request one of Newport’s men fired his gun. The Appamattuck were wary of colonists who remained in their vicinity. In the summer of 1610 Opossunoquonuske invited several of the Englishmen to come unarmed to her town, where her men killed all but one, who escaped. In retaliation, the English burned her town and killed several people. Mortally wounded, she reportedly died in the winter. About Christmas 1611, Sir Thomas Dale raided the granaries of an Appamattuck town, killed or dispersed the people, and renamed the area Bermuda Hundred. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/va-women-2007" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2007</a> Virginia Women in History honoree, Library of Virginia. Bibliography Image Courtesy of the Library of Virginia. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Opossunoquonuske Subject The topic of the resource Virginia Women In History Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007 Virginia Women in History Honoree Community Leadership and Philanthropy Government and Law https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/4fa320eb7c72ece9c46378b9e0a5f611.jpg 3f1b5604138b6567bab8ebdc742cc548 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Colonization and Settlement Description An account of the resource The colonial era in American history is essential in setting the framework for all the eras to follow. Nearly two centuries of colonization on the continent and in the Caribbean provide three distinct groups to study – indigenous peoples, Africans brought to the colonies and Europeans, both the colonial powers and the generations born on American soil. The varying reasons for departure from Europe set the stage for how different colonies came into being, and interacted with each other. Violent conflicts, importation of disease and dispossession of native lands were all results of Europeans’ interactions with the indigenous populations. The importation of slaves also led to an economic structure in some colonies that became, in their minds, reliant on the continued existence of slave labor. The role of religion is extremely important during this time period. It was a defining characteristic of some colonies, as opposed to the economic reasons others were established. Ideas of religious freedom, denominationalism and the Great Awakening all impacted daily life in the colonies. Government structure and political life had distinct characteristics in New England, the mid-Atlantic, and the South differed in the ways they groped their way toward mature political institutions. Religion and politics were often influenced by the European nation who colonized the area – French, Spanish, Dutch or English. Economics were affected by geographic location and the local natural resources, adding to regional differences, and sometimes, division. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1607-1763 Person An individual. Birth Date Baptized 1634 Birthplace James City County Death Date 1695 Occupation Political Leader Biographical Text Frances Culpeper Stephens Berkeley Ludwell (baptized May 27, 1634–ca. 1695) married three colonial governors and certainly influenced each of them, but her leadership of the Green Spring faction, a prominent political group, was her greatest position of power. The group effectively controlled the Virginia government for about two years late in the 1670s. As the widow of Samuel Stephens, governor of the Albemarle settlement in present-day North Carolina, Frances Culpeper Stephens inherited a Warwick County plantation, as stipulated in a premarital agreement. In an early show of independence, she managed the estate herself instead of turning it over to a male relative, as was the custom at that time. During her marriage to Virginia governor Sir William Berkeley, Lady Berkeley, as she was known for the rest of her life, was her husband's confidante and adviser. During Bacon's Rebellion, when colonists fearful of Indian attack rebelled against the governor, Lady Berkeley traveled to England and petitioned the king in Sir William Berkeley's behalf. Remaining fiercely loyal to her husband and his policies, Berkeley rallied a group of the governor's supporters after his death in 1677. Meeting near Jamestown at the Green Spring manor, which Berkeley had inherited from her husband, the faction maneuvered against Governor Berkeley's replacement, Herbert Jeffreys, and the English attempts to curb colonial self-determination. After Governor Thomas Culpeper's arrival in Virginia in 1680, Berkeley slowly withdrew from overt politicking. About the same time, she married Philip Ludwell (later deputy governor of North Carolina and South Carolina). She retained her reputation as an intelligent and influential Virginian until her death about 1695. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/va-women-2008" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2008</a> Virginia Women in History honoree, Library of Virginia. Bibliography Image Courtesy of the Museum of Early Southern Decorative Arts, Old Salem Museum and Gardens. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Frances Culpeper Stephens Berkley Ludwell Subject The topic of the resource Virginia Women In History Description An account of the resource As a leader of the Green Spring faction, Frances Culpeper Stephens Berkeley Ludwell influenced the politics of seventeenth-century Virginia. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008 Virginia Women in History Honoree Government and Law https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/60e5f6b7404142959441fd38fbcf363f.jpg 982373e4740041ca51801323462d2ab4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Colonization and Settlement Description An account of the resource The colonial era in American history is essential in setting the framework for all the eras to follow. Nearly two centuries of colonization on the continent and in the Caribbean provide three distinct groups to study – indigenous peoples, Africans brought to the colonies and Europeans, both the colonial powers and the generations born on American soil. The varying reasons for departure from Europe set the stage for how different colonies came into being, and interacted with each other. Violent conflicts, importation of disease and dispossession of native lands were all results of Europeans’ interactions with the indigenous populations. The importation of slaves also led to an economic structure in some colonies that became, in their minds, reliant on the continued existence of slave labor. The role of religion is extremely important during this time period. It was a defining characteristic of some colonies, as opposed to the economic reasons others were established. Ideas of religious freedom, denominationalism and the Great Awakening all impacted daily life in the colonies. Government structure and political life had distinct characteristics in New England, the mid-Atlantic, and the South differed in the ways they groped their way toward mature political institutions. Religion and politics were often influenced by the European nation who colonized the area – French, Spanish, Dutch or English. Economics were affected by geographic location and the local natural resources, adding to regional differences, and sometimes, division. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1607-1763 Person An individual. Birth Date 1732 Birthplace New River Valley Death Date 1815 Occupation Frontierswoman Biographical Text The daughter of recent emigrants from Ireland, Mary Draper moved with her family from Philadelphia to the Virginia frontier in the 1740s. They settled at Draper's Meadow (later Blacksburg), and about 1750 she married William Ingles. On July 30, 1755, Shawnee attacked the settlement, killing several people and taking Mary Ingles, her two sons, and her sister-in-law captive. They were taken to a Shawnee town near what is now Chillicothe, Ohio, where Ingles was forced to sew shirts for the men. During her captivity, her younger son died and her other son was sent to live in another town. In October 1755, Ingles escaped with another female captive and traveled five or six hundred miles, much of it across rugged mountains and valleys. Making the last part of her trip alone and in a canoe that she had discovered, Ingles encountered her husband at a frontier fort. Ingles and her husband moved to the banks of the New River near the site of what became the city of Radford, where in 1762 he received permission from the General Assembly to operate a ferry service. They had three daughters and another son. Following the publication in the nineteenth century of the story of her captivity and escape as she had told it to her youngest son, Mary Draper Ingles became one of the most famous frontierswomen in Virginia. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/va-women-2004" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2004</a> Virginia Women in History honoree, Virginia Foundation for Women. Bibliography Image Courtesy of the National Park Service. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mary Draper Ingles Subject The topic of the resource Virginia Women In History Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2004 Virginia Women in History Honoree Description An account of the resource Captured by Shawnee Indians in 1755, Mary Draper Ingles escaped and made her way hundreds of miles to return home. Military https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/7fd82c6f128e6028947b5d627d1e7a92.jpg fc0afccf502967ecc8575bde1d0a6b8e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Revolution and the New Nation Description An account of the resource The American Revolution is often considered one of the most crucial times of United States history to study, as it lays the groundwork for all political history following it. Not only did it end the colonial relationship with England, but it brought about political change that would not only shape our lives, but would serve as an example for other nations. It also called into question social and political relationships, raising questions of freedom and inalienable rights. Some of America’s most important documents and greatest political minds come from this era. The war itself also was Revolutionary, with successful guerilla-style fighting and the defeat by colonials of well-trained British military forces. Following the war, the creation of the Constitution and the process of ratification shifted not only the style of government, but also the way in which governments functioned and an increased public investment. This process also called into question the balance of power between federal and state, an issue that would continue to be present in American Politics well after the Constitution of 1787 and the Bill of Rights were completed. Despite strong unity among many in the Revolution, economic, regional, social, ideological, religious, and political tensions did not fade, and in some cases, increased, as America sought to define itself. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1754-1820s Person An individual. Birth Date 1702 Death Date 1788 Birthplace Accomack County Occupation Planter Biographical Text Ann Makemie Blair King Holden (d. by January 29, 1788) was the younger daughter of Francis Makemie, one of the earliest Presbyterian ministers in Virginia. She was born in Accomack County during the first decade of the 1700s and inherited her father's property along Matchatank Creek after his death in 1708. She subsequently inherited additional land and enslaved laborers from her first two husbands, merchant Thomas Blair and Maryland planter Robert King. The wealthy widow married Accomack County Court clerk George Holden by the middle of the 1760s, but did not marry again after he died about December 1773. Ann Holden successfully managed her extensive landholdings, where her more than fifty enslaved laborers raised wheat, flax, corn, and tobacco in addition to sheep, pigs, and cattle. During the American Revolution she supplied Continental and Virginia troops with corn and beef. As a woman she was unable to vote, but she sought to preserve the ideals of the new Republic and in June 1787 she deeded property to four of her male relatives with the caveat that they each vote "for the most Wise and Discreet men who have Proved themselves real Friends to the American Independence" to represent Accomack County. When she wrote her will five months later she provided for family members with bequests of property and slaves, specified £50 to the "Good poor of my Neighborhood" and £100 to a nearby church, emancipated one of her slaves, and requested her heirs to care for those of her slaves who were elderly and "past their Labour." <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/va-women-2004" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2004</a> Virginia Women in History honoree, Virginia Foundation for Women. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Ann Makemie Holden Subject The topic of the resource Virginia Women In History Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2004 Virginia Women in History Honoree Description An account of the resource At a time when women had few rights, Ann Makemie Holden managed her large plantation on the Eastern Shore and strove to uphold the ideals of the American Revolution. Business and Entrepreneurship