23 10 378 https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/8cbe92ddf0d1c3fddfff3f19460c0fb9.jpg f0d2073597f9f496361a9e2cb990b8cc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Revolution and the New Nation Description An account of the resource The American Revolution is often considered one of the most crucial times of United States history to study, as it lays the groundwork for all political history following it. Not only did it end the colonial relationship with England, but it brought about political change that would not only shape our lives, but would serve as an example for other nations. It also called into question social and political relationships, raising questions of freedom and inalienable rights. Some of America’s most important documents and greatest political minds come from this era. The war itself also was Revolutionary, with successful guerilla-style fighting and the defeat by colonials of well-trained British military forces. Following the war, the creation of the Constitution and the process of ratification shifted not only the style of government, but also the way in which governments functioned and an increased public investment. This process also called into question the balance of power between federal and state, an issue that would continue to be present in American Politics well after the Constitution of 1787 and the Bill of Rights were completed. Despite strong unity among many in the Revolution, economic, regional, social, ideological, religious, and political tensions did not fade, and in some cases, increased, as America sought to define itself. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1754-1820s Person An individual. Birth Date 1728 Birthplace Westmoreland County Death Date 1782 Occupation Planter Biographical Text A member of one of Virginia's most prominent families, Hannah Lee (February 6, 1728–by October 7, 1782) grew up at Stratford Hall, in Westmoreland County. She was educated by private tutors alongside her brothers, who included Francis Lightfoot Lee and Richard Henry Lee, two signers of the Declaration of Independence. She married Gawin Corbin about 1747 and had one daughter. Named the executor of her husband's estate, Hannah Corbin managed Peckatone plantation and profited as a tobacco planter. In the 1760s, Corbin embraced Virginia's Baptist religious revival that challenged the authority of the Church of England. She lived with a Baptist physician named Richard Lingan Hall at Peckatone, though they were forbidden to marry outside the Anglican Church and according to the terms of her husband's will. After Corbin's daughter took possession of Peckatone at age twenty-one, Corbin and Hall moved to her Richmond County estate, where they had two children, and where Hall died in 1774. During the American Revolution, Corbin applied the rhetoric of no taxation without representation to propertied widows who were taxed without their consent because they lacked the right to vote. She expressed her views privately to her family, but never publicly decried women's disfranchisement. She also never challenged the institution of marriage or created separate estates to preserve her daughters' property rights after they married. Despite her conservative choices, Corbin's legacy remains an example of ways in which eighteenth-century women could thrive independently and assert their rights. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/va-women-2002" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2002</a> Virginia Women in History honoree, Virginia Foundation for Women and Delta Kappa Gamma Society International. Bibliography Image Courtesy of the Library of Virginia. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Hannah Lee Corbin Subject The topic of the resource Virginia Women In History Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2002 Virginia Women in History Honoree Description An account of the resource At the time of the American Revolution, Hannah Lee Corbin believed that female property owners were unfairly taxed because they could not vote. Business and Entrepreneurship https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/85b55ff6a504a6b39d62e84525c154b6.jpg dbcd9ab85ddc26baa2eeb9140f65775f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Colonization and Settlement Description An account of the resource The colonial era in American history is essential in setting the framework for all the eras to follow. Nearly two centuries of colonization on the continent and in the Caribbean provide three distinct groups to study – indigenous peoples, Africans brought to the colonies and Europeans, both the colonial powers and the generations born on American soil. The varying reasons for departure from Europe set the stage for how different colonies came into being, and interacted with each other. Violent conflicts, importation of disease and dispossession of native lands were all results of Europeans’ interactions with the indigenous populations. The importation of slaves also led to an economic structure in some colonies that became, in their minds, reliant on the continued existence of slave labor. The role of religion is extremely important during this time period. It was a defining characteristic of some colonies, as opposed to the economic reasons others were established. Ideas of religious freedom, denominationalism and the Great Awakening all impacted daily life in the colonies. Government structure and political life had distinct characteristics in New England, the mid-Atlantic, and the South differed in the ways they groped their way toward mature political institutions. Religion and politics were often influenced by the European nation who colonized the area – French, Spanish, Dutch or English. Economics were affected by geographic location and the local natural resources, adding to regional differences, and sometimes, division. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1607-1763 Person An individual. Birth Date 1656 Birthplace Middle Peninsula Death Date 1686 Occupation Pamunkey Chief Biographical Text Cockacoeske (also known as Cockacoeweske) was a descendant of Opechancanough, brother of the paramount chief Powhatan. She became leader of the Pamunkey after the death of her husband in 1656. During the summer of 1676 Cockacoeske appeared before a committee of burgesses and Council members at Jamestown and after reminding them that her tribe had earlier lost a hundred men fighting alongside the colonists, she reluctantly agreed to provide a dozen warriors to help defend the colony against frontier tribes. Despite a March 1676 treaty between the Pamunkey and the colony, Nathaniel Bacon and some of his followers attacked them, capturing and killing some of Cockacoeske's people and forcing her to hide in Dragon Swamp. In February 1677 she asked the General Assembly for the release of the captives and the restoration of destroyed property. Cockacoeske was an astute leader and skillful politician. On May 29, 1677, when the Treaty of Middle Plantation was signed, at her request several tribes were reunited under her authority, and she signed the treaty on behalf of all the tribes under her subjection. Cockacoeske was unsuccessful in re-creating the chiefly dominance enjoyed by her people's leaders during the first half of the seventeenth century, but she continued to rule the Pamunkey until her death on an unrecorded date before July 1, 1686. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/va-women-2004" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2004</a> Virginia Women in History honoree, Virginia Foundation for Women. Bibliography Image Courtesy of the Pepys Library, Magdalene College, Cambridge, Eng. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Cockacoeske Subject The topic of the resource Virginia Women In History Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2004 Virginia Women in History Honoree Description An account of the resource Pamunkey chief Cockacoeske signed the 1677 Treaty of Middle Plantation with the English and reunited several tribes under her authority. Community Leadership and Philanthropy Government and Law https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/36ac4d19de35f85361f55fffe56f961a.jpg 574d170dfeb16789f05ecb514237cb86 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Colonization and Settlement Description An account of the resource The colonial era in American history is essential in setting the framework for all the eras to follow. Nearly two centuries of colonization on the continent and in the Caribbean provide three distinct groups to study – indigenous peoples, Africans brought to the colonies and Europeans, both the colonial powers and the generations born on American soil. The varying reasons for departure from Europe set the stage for how different colonies came into being, and interacted with each other. Violent conflicts, importation of disease and dispossession of native lands were all results of Europeans’ interactions with the indigenous populations. The importation of slaves also led to an economic structure in some colonies that became, in their minds, reliant on the continued existence of slave labor. The role of religion is extremely important during this time period. It was a defining characteristic of some colonies, as opposed to the economic reasons others were established. Ideas of religious freedom, denominationalism and the Great Awakening all impacted daily life in the colonies. Government structure and political life had distinct characteristics in New England, the mid-Atlantic, and the South differed in the ways they groped their way toward mature political institutions. Religion and politics were often influenced by the European nation who colonized the area – French, Spanish, Dutch or English. Economics were affected by geographic location and the local natural resources, adding to regional differences, and sometimes, division. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1607-1763 Person An individual. Birth Date 1723 Birthplace Williamsburg Death Date 1792 Occupation Innkeeper Biographical Text Christiana Burdett Campbell (ca. 1723–March 25, 1792) was the daughter of a Williamsburg innkeeper and the wife of an apothecary who died in Blandford, near Petersburg, early in the 1750s. Returning to Williamsburg, she began operating an inn, or tavern, about 1755. One of the most prominent taverns in the capital, it provided rooms and food for those who had business to conduct with government officials or in the General Court or who attended the regular meetings of the colony's chief merchants. When the General Assembly was in session, Campbell's tavern was one of the principal places where members of the House of Burgesses lodged. Among the legislators who stayed in Campbell's tavern were Thomas Jefferson and George Washington. Campbell advertised her tavern as providing "genteel Accommodations, and the very best Entertainment." Several women operated taverns in colonial Virginia, some of them continuing a business after their tavern-keeping husbands had died. Campbell, however, began her own business and conducted it with success for more than thirty years. She owned as many as a dozen enslaved laborers who probably worked in the tavern. She allowed them to attend a local school for African Americans and assisted them in being baptized at Bruton Parish Church. Campbell finally closed her tavern in 1787, after the state's capital had moved to Richmond and all of the government offices had left Williamsburg. She retired to live with her daughter in Fredericksburg. Her Waller Street tavern burned about 1859, but in 1956 the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation opened a reconstructed Christiana Campbell's Tavern as a working restaurant and thus preserved her name and reputation. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/va-women-2012" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2012</a> Virginia Women in History honoree, Library of Virginia. Bibliography Image Courtesy of the Library of Virginia. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Christiana Burdett Campbell Subject The topic of the resource Virginia Women In History Description An account of the resource Christiana Campbell became one of Williamsburg's most prominent and successful tavern keepers during the Revolutionary era. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012 Virginia Women in History Honoree Business and Entrepreneurship https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/ad379db8ff37bed496460e046b5fe611.jpg 32f2f800ea83b6afd2f6e6ac3ae1a4b7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Revolution and the New Nation Description An account of the resource The American Revolution is often considered one of the most crucial times of United States history to study, as it lays the groundwork for all political history following it. Not only did it end the colonial relationship with England, but it brought about political change that would not only shape our lives, but would serve as an example for other nations. It also called into question social and political relationships, raising questions of freedom and inalienable rights. Some of America’s most important documents and greatest political minds come from this era. The war itself also was Revolutionary, with successful guerilla-style fighting and the defeat by colonials of well-trained British military forces. Following the war, the creation of the Constitution and the process of ratification shifted not only the style of government, but also the way in which governments functioned and an increased public investment. This process also called into question the balance of power between federal and state, an issue that would continue to be present in American Politics well after the Constitution of 1787 and the Bill of Rights were completed. Despite strong unity among many in the Revolution, economic, regional, social, ideological, religious, and political tensions did not fade, and in some cases, increased, as America sought to define itself. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1754-1820s Person An individual. Birth Date 1765 Birthplace Richmond Death Date 1842 Occupation Civic Leader Biographical Text The daughter of a prosperous merchant, Elizabeth Jaquelin Ambler Brent Carrington (March 11, 1765–February 15, 1842) married twice and remained a widow after 1810. Educated at home by her father, Carrington read widely and recognized the importance of education for young women. She was an active Episcopalian and her religious background and interest in education likely contributed to her enthusiasm in helping establish the Female Humane Association of the City of Richmond about 1805. She joined other prominent women in drawing up its constitution and bylaws early in 1808, and in 1810 the association successfully petitioned the General Assembly for an act of incorporation. Known for her charitable endeavors and leadership, Carrington served as the association’s secretary from at least 1810 until 1837. The association established an orphanage in 1813 and began holding an annual fund-raising fair in 1828. At a time when women rarely participated in public affairs, Carrington and the members of the Female Humane Association met an important social need that Virginia’s government had ignored. The orphanage cared for and educated destitute white girls and enabled many children to avoid lives of poverty. The association’s modern successor, the Memorial Foundation for Children, continues to support educational and cultural programs in the twenty-first century. Nominated by Alyson Taylor-White, Chester. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/va-women-2013" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2013</a> Virginia Women in History honoree, Library of Virginia. Bibliography Image Courtesy of the Library of Virginia Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Elizabeth Ambler Brent Carrington Subject The topic of the resource Virginia Women In History Description An account of the resource Concerned about the plight of orphaned girls, Elizabeth Ambler Brent Carrington helped establish the Female Humane Association of the City of Richmond at a time when women rarely played a role in public affairs. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013 Virginia Women in History Honoree Community Leadership and Philanthropy Education https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/7d754e91a6ee39d99f4e1a1e627e6c63.jpg e4ea9e7fc67aa31dc6ab85b19aedb46a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Revolution and the New Nation Description An account of the resource The American Revolution is often considered one of the most crucial times of United States history to study, as it lays the groundwork for all political history following it. Not only did it end the colonial relationship with England, but it brought about political change that would not only shape our lives, but would serve as an example for other nations. It also called into question social and political relationships, raising questions of freedom and inalienable rights. Some of America’s most important documents and greatest political minds come from this era. The war itself also was Revolutionary, with successful guerilla-style fighting and the defeat by colonials of well-trained British military forces. Following the war, the creation of the Constitution and the process of ratification shifted not only the style of government, but also the way in which governments functioned and an increased public investment. This process also called into question the balance of power between federal and state, an issue that would continue to be present in American Politics well after the Constitution of 1787 and the Bill of Rights were completed. Despite strong unity among many in the Revolution, economic, regional, social, ideological, religious, and political tensions did not fade, and in some cases, increased, as America sought to define itself. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1754-1820s Person An individual. Birth Date 1754 Birthplace Southampton County Death Date 1838 Occupation Nottoway (Cheroenhaka) Chief Biographical Text In 1821 Edith Turner (ca. 1754–February or March 1838), also known as Edy Turner (or by her Nottoway personal name, Wané Roonseraw), petitioned the Virginia General Assembly as chief of the Nottoway (Cheroenhaka). Turner had taken part in land transactions since 1794, but as chief she led a push to divide the reservation's land among the individual Indians, perhaps in an attempt to convince more Nottoway to adopt white farming practices. Early in the nineteenth century most of the Indians on the Nottoway reservation refused to participate in intensive farming. Forced to sell reservation land to pay debts, the Nottoway saw their landholdings decrease, making their traditional ways of life increasingly difficult. Turner transcended these problems to own a farm, where she prospered. Turner's level of self-sufficiency was considerable for a woman in her time and place, but her compassion for the Nottoway children makes her an outstanding figure. Records from 1808 show her acting as foster mother for two Nottoway children, and she successfully urged the white trustees of the tribe to return four other Indian children to the reservation. At age seventy-six she still looked after at least two children in her home. Turner most likely led the struggle to keep tribal children from being schooled or apprenticed off the reservation. As one of the last speakers of the Nottoway language and with a knowledge of their legends, Turner instructed the children in the traditions of the tribe as well as in how to survive in white-controlled society. In 1820 she provided surveyor John Wood with a Nottoway vocabulary, allowing scholars a peek at the Iroquoian language. The only Nottoway of her time to write a will, Turner died in Southampton County in 1838 at about eighty-four years of age. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/va-women-2008" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2008</a> Virginia Women in History honoree, Library of Virginia. Bibliography Image Courtesy of the Library of Virginia. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Edith Turner (Wané Roonseraw) Subject The topic of the resource Virginia Women In History Description An account of the resource Edith Turner, chief of the Nottoway, successfully navigated nineteenth-century Nottoway and Anglo-American societies while she strove to keep the tribe’s children on the reservation. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008 Virginia Women in History Honoree Community Leadership and Philanthropy Government and Law https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/72405828849c50d47421c7766e6843a7.jpg 2cc64180da1a298da23299e8b226b363 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Expansion and Reform Description An account of the resource Between 1800 and 1860, the United States underwent a period of increased territorial expansion, immigration, economic growth, and industrialization. At the same time as the nation was increasing in population and size, regional differences were becoming more and more pronounced, and politically confrontational. The idea of “Manifest Destiny” led to movements first across the Appalachians, then across the Mississippi, and finally with the goal of reaching the Pacific Ocean, encouraged by the Gold Rush. This expansion, however, did have some negative results, most notably, the removal of many Indian nations in the Southeast and old Northwest. While the Louisiana Purchase increased the size of the nation more or less peacefully, large amounts of square footage were also acquired through the America’s victory in the Mexican-American War. Economic development, while increasing wealth and prosperity, also brought regional differences more sharply into focus. While the North began its path of Industrial Revolution, its increased urbanization and technological advancements separated it even further from an agrarian South. There was also a "transportation revolution" involving railroads, canals, and trans-regional roads, many times centered in the North. Slavery was also becoming a larger factor in the South, and would cause strife and political debate as new territory was added to the Union, particularly in the case of the Missouri Compromise and the Kansas–Nebraska Act which effectively repealed it. Despite expansion, free African Americans and women were still largely disenfranchised. Reforms movements occurred in bursts, setting the stage for post-Civil War major reforms. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1800-1860 Person An individual. Birth Date 1762 Birthplace Chesterfield County and Richmond Death Date 1828 Occupation Writer Biographical Text Mary Randolph (August 9, 1762–January 23, 1828) wrote The Virginia House-Wife (1824), the first American regional cookbook. Her recipes used Virginia produce but also showed influences from African, American Indian, and European cultures, thereby creating a cuisine unique to Virginia and the South. Randolph's influential housekeeping book was an immediate success and went through many editions until the 1860s. It included both culinary instructions and advice on household supervision. Besides popularizing the use of more than forty vegetables, Randolph's book also introduced dishes from abroad, such as gazpacho, to the southern public. Born at Ampthill, her family's Chesterfield County plantation, Mary Randolph learned how to run an orderly household. She married her cousin, David Meade Randolph, of Chesterfield County, in December 1780. Moldavia, their Richmond home, became a center of Federalist Party social activity. Financial reversals led Randolph in 1808 to open a Richmond boarding house, where she provided accommodations and excellent meals to an elite clientele. Later the Randolphs moved to Washington, D.C., where Mary Randolph began to compile a housekeeping book that provided management hints; directions for preparing sauces, vegetables, preserves, puddings, ice creams, soups, breads, meats, beverages, and cleaning products; and instructions on crafting a home refrigerator. According to Randolph, "The prosperity and happiness of a family depend greatly on the order and regularity established in it." She was revising The Virginia House-Wife for a third edition at the time of her death. Randolph's younger sister Virginia Randolph Cary wrote the influential Letters on Female Character, Addressed to a Young Lady, on the Death of Her Mother (1828), the first advice book written by a southern woman for the women of her region. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/va-women-2009" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2009</a> Virginia Women in History honoree, Library of Virginia. Bibliography Image Courtesy of the Library of Congress. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mary Randolph Subject The topic of the resource Virginia Women In History Description An account of the resource As author of The Virginia House-Wife (1824), the first American regional cookbook, Mary Randolph transformed cooking and household management in ways that continue to influence chefs and domestic supervisors. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009 Virginia Women in History Honoree Arts and Literature https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/ffb9d7e57a522f9145ab2278b84bde5e.jpg ab3474a70feb3f0a2a1da21f7c4e9e60 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Revolution and the New Nation Description An account of the resource The American Revolution is often considered one of the most crucial times of United States history to study, as it lays the groundwork for all political history following it. Not only did it end the colonial relationship with England, but it brought about political change that would not only shape our lives, but would serve as an example for other nations. It also called into question social and political relationships, raising questions of freedom and inalienable rights. Some of America’s most important documents and greatest political minds come from this era. The war itself also was Revolutionary, with successful guerilla-style fighting and the defeat by colonials of well-trained British military forces. Following the war, the creation of the Constitution and the process of ratification shifted not only the style of government, but also the way in which governments functioned and an increased public investment. This process also called into question the balance of power between federal and state, an issue that would continue to be present in American Politics well after the Constitution of 1787 and the Bill of Rights were completed. Despite strong unity among many in the Revolution, economic, regional, social, ideological, religious, and political tensions did not fade, and in some cases, increased, as America sought to define itself. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1754-1820s Person An individual. Birth Date 1768 Death Date 1849 Birthplace Orange County Occupation First Lady Biographical Text A member of a Quaker family, Dolley Payne Todd Madison (May 20, 1768–July 12, 1849) grew up in Hanover County before her father moved to Philadelphia about 1783. She married a Quaker lawyer, but he and one of their two sons died in the yellow fever epidemic of 1793. The following year she married James Madison, a member of the House of Representatives from Virginia, and they later settled at Montpelier, his plantation in Orange County. They moved to the new capital city of Washington, D.C., where Dolley Madison became a well-known and popular hostess while her husband served as Secretary of State (1801–1809) and afterward as the fourth president of the United States (1809–1817). As First Lady, Madison established highly popular weekly receptions and served as a political partner to her husband, supporting his agenda and reaching out to his opponents when necessary. During the War of 1812, she delayed leaving the White House in order to secure papers and other valuables, including (by her account) the portrait of George Washington, from the British forces threatening the city. After James Madison retired to Montpelier, she assisted him in organizing and preparing his papers for publication, including those of the Constitutional Convention of 1787. She was devoted to her husband and rarely left Montpelier until after his death, when she returned to Washington, D.C., in December 1843. Although an impoverished widow, Dolley Madison continued her active role in society and was mourned by congressmen, Supreme Court justices, and the president at her funeral in 1849. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/va-women-2000" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2000</a> Virginia Women in History honoree, Virginia Foundation for Women and Delta Kappa Gamma Society International. Bibliography Image Courtesy of Richmond Times-Dispatch. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Dolley Madison Subject The topic of the resource Virginia Women In History Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2000 Virginia Women in History Honoree Description An account of the resource A quintessential hostess, Dolley Madison was at the center of the national political scene for many years and defined the role of First Lady in the 19th century. Government and Law https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/0a7da82ab5ba2f4e022a3287230e6a2b.jpg 2cdc997294cbce4d719174bc70c8abaf Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Revolution and the New Nation Description An account of the resource The American Revolution is often considered one of the most crucial times of United States history to study, as it lays the groundwork for all political history following it. Not only did it end the colonial relationship with England, but it brought about political change that would not only shape our lives, but would serve as an example for other nations. It also called into question social and political relationships, raising questions of freedom and inalienable rights. Some of America’s most important documents and greatest political minds come from this era. The war itself also was Revolutionary, with successful guerilla-style fighting and the defeat by colonials of well-trained British military forces. Following the war, the creation of the Constitution and the process of ratification shifted not only the style of government, but also the way in which governments functioned and an increased public investment. This process also called into question the balance of power between federal and state, an issue that would continue to be present in American Politics well after the Constitution of 1787 and the Bill of Rights were completed. Despite strong unity among many in the Revolution, economic, regional, social, ideological, religious, and political tensions did not fade, and in some cases, increased, as America sought to define itself. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1754-1820s Person An individual. Birth Date circa 1750 Birthplace Wythe County Death Date after 1820 Occupation Principal in a Freedom Suit Biographical Text Rachel Findlay (ca. 1750–after August 17, 1820) was born into slavery early in the 1750s in the part of Virginia that later became Powhatan County. Her maternal grandmother was an illegally enslaved Indian woman and her mother possibly had both Indian and African ancestry. Virginia law dictated that the children of enslaved women were also slaves, so she and her children were born enslaved. Early in the 1770s Findlay, her brother Samuel, and her young daughter sued their owner, Thomas Clay, on the grounds that because their grandmother's enslavement was illegal, they were also illegally enslaved. The General Court ruled in May 1773 that they were free, but the Clay family sent Findlay and her daughter west before the court reached its verdict and in 1774 sold them to John Draper. He and his family held them in slavery in Wythe County. In 1813, Rachel Findlay filed suit in the Wythe County Court to obtain the freedom to which she had been legally entitled but had never enjoyed. After seven years of delays and difficulties and the transfer of the case to the Powhatan County Court, she again won freedom for herself on May 13, 1820. Findlay's approximately forty children, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren were therefore legally entitled to become free, too. Several of them successfully sued for their freedom, but others may have never known about the suit and its outcome. Findlay became free, but how long she lived as a free person is not known. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/va-women-2014" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2014</a> Virginia Women in History honoree, Library of Virginia. Bibliography Image Courtesy of the Library of Virginia Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Rachel Findlay Subject The topic of the resource Virginia Women In History Description An account of the resource The granddaughter of an illegally enslaved Indian woman, Rachel Findlay successfully sued for her freedom and ensured the freedom of many of her descendants. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Virginia Women in History Honoree Civil Rights and Reform Government and Law https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/55bf89288261f7b429922f16d92e393b.jpg f7e87062d9ce882be3ab9f9b281a6efd Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Postwar United States Description An account of the resource The era immediately following World War II brought about vast changes, not only in foreign policy, but in economics and a changing civic landscape. The liberalism of the New Deal era grew into movements towards increasing civil liberties and economic opportunities, particularly for minorities and women. Protests became more and more common to the average American as groups demanded equal rights and voting equality. These movements were juxtaposed with Jim Crow laws and the reemergence of the KKK, which showed the darker side of life in the American South. The Cold War pitted the United States and its allies in the newly formed NATO against the ever-increasing and expanding Soviet Union and its fellow Communist regimes, particularly China, Korea and Vietnam. While this era is considered Postwar, it is in fact a move towards a new type of war, where campaigns are fought not only on the battleground, but in the political arena and social consciousness as well, fueled strongly by the increasing influence of television news. The fall of the Nazi regime opened the door to the Iron Curtain and Soviet dominance of Eastern Europe, and the defeat of Japan opened previously invaded lands to the chance to choose new leaders, many of whom sided with the tenants of Communism over those of Capitalism. The United States would spend much of this time period combating the “Domino Effect” to try and stem the spread of Communism, particularly in its own hemisphere with Cuba. At the same time, the United States invested millions into Western Europe through the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan to halt the spread of Communism further west. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1945-1970s Person An individual. Birth Date 1913 Birthplace Richmond Death Date 2001 Occupation Principal in a 1935 Civil Rights Turning Point Biographical Text In 1934 Richmonder Alice Carlotta Jackson Stuart (June 2, 1913–June 13, 2001) received a bachelor's degree in English from Virginia Union University, where she was a charter member of Delta Sigma Theta sorority. She then attended Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts. In August 1935 Stuart became the first African American on record to apply to a Virginia graduate or professional school when she sought admission to the University of Virginia in order to pursue a master's degree in French, a program not offered at any of the black colleges in the state. The University of Virginia's board of visitors flatly rejected her application, citing Virginia law that required black and white students to attend separate schools and "for other good and sufficient reasons" that the board refused to explain. After the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People threatened legal action, the Virginia General Assembly established a tuition supplement fund to compensate Stuart and other qualified African American students for the difference in cost to attend an out-of-state school. Until Gregory Swanson finally broke the color barrier at the University of Virginia Law School in 1950, the fund enabled thousands of Virginia African American students to continue their professional and graduate education. Stuart used her tuition supplement to study at Columbia University in New York City, where she received a graduate degree in English and comparative literature. She taught for about fifty years at several black colleges, including Howard University, as well as in public schools. She retired in 1983 as a professor of English at Middlesex County College. After Alice Jackson Houston Stuart died in 2001, her son, Julian Towns Houston, a Massachusetts Superior Court justice, presented her papers, including those documenting her courageous action in 1935, to the University of Virginia. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/va-women-2012" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2012</a> Virginia Women in History honoree, Library of Virginia. Bibliography Image Courtesy of The Library of Virginia. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alice Jackson Stuart Subject The topic of the resource Virginia Women In History Description An account of the resource By applying to the University of Virginia to pursue graduate studies, Alice Jackson challenged Virginia's laws of segregation. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012 Virginia Women in History Honoree Civil Rights and Reform Education Government and Law https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/43f0f3d9e2d39cb2b30681dcffc1c356.jpg b7ed67f79d6b2bb1a448d35fcaa89a7f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Contemporary United States Description An account of the resource This era is, in large part, a study of the United States as a global power – politically, economically and militarily. The detente with the Communist China under Nixon begins a shift in our “Domino Theory” in Asia. The collapse of the Soviet Union, the overthrow of communist governments in Eastern Europe, and the end of the Cold War and the nuclear arms race also changed how the United States interacted with Europe. At the same time, intervention and actions increased in our own hemisphere and in the Middle East. Terrorism also became a driving force behind foreign policy. Politically, there was a shift away from liberalism for much of this time period. Political scandals such as Watergate and Iran-Contra were treated differently than previous scandals, thanks in large part to an increase in television coverage. The governmental role in the economy, environmental protection, social welfare, and more shifted greatly during this time period and that role, and its scope, are still being debated today. Socially, this time period saw for the first time immigration primarily from Asia and Central America. A new wave of reform movements promoted environmental, feminist, and civil rights agendas. There was also a resurgence of religious evangelicalism. Technological advances once again redefined not only the economic landscape of America, but also the lives of everyday citizens. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968-Present Person An individual. Birth Date 1921 Death Date 2002 Occupation Preservationist Biographical Text The strongminded daughter of a Pittsburgh attorney, Elizabeth Anne "Annie" Delp Snyder (September 26, 1921–July 19, 2002) dropped out of law school to join the Marines during World War II. She was among the first women to graduate from the Marine Officer Candidates School and she became a recruiter, attracting other young women to the service. After the war, she and her husband bought a 180-acre farm near Manassas, where they raised Angus cattle. As a commercial airline pilot her husband was often away, leaving Snyder to run the business side of the farm as well as take on much of the physical labor. Little Bull Run ran through their farm, leading to Snyder's lifelong efforts to preserve the neighboring battlefields. Early in the 1970s, she helped prevent Marriott Corporation from building a Great America theme park near her farm. In the 1990s, she successfully opposed Disney's plan for a history theme park west of Manassas. But her activism began even before her fights over preservation and development. During the 1950s, Snyder, a Republican, opposed Massive Resistance and championed civil rights in Virginia. Snyder's most significant fight, dubbed the Third Battle of Bull Run, came in 1988, when she spearheaded the effort to save more than 500 acres of battlefield from development as a shopping mall. Enlisting the aid of national preservation groups, she helped to secure congressional support for legislation to purchase the land and preserve it as part of Manassas National Battlefield Park. As a result of the highly public campaign, Congress created the Civil War Sites Advisory Commission in 1990 to identify the nation's threatened battlefields and recommend ways to preserve them. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/va-women-2004" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2004</a> Virginia Women in History honoree, Virginia Foundation for Women. Birthplace Manassas Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Elizabeth "Annie" Snyder Subject The topic of the resource Virginia Women In History Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2004 Virginia Women in History Honoree Description An account of the resource From her cattle farm in Prince William County, Annie Snyder fought successfully to preserve the land around the Civil War battlefield at Manassas. Business and Entrepreneurship Community Leadership and Philanthropy Military