25 10 378 https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/87416e5ab195667487d51f3494c31fb7.jpg d2a57c0b6de713fa725ead4afec8d18d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Contemporary United States Description An account of the resource This era is, in large part, a study of the United States as a global power – politically, economically and militarily. The detente with the Communist China under Nixon begins a shift in our “Domino Theory” in Asia. The collapse of the Soviet Union, the overthrow of communist governments in Eastern Europe, and the end of the Cold War and the nuclear arms race also changed how the United States interacted with Europe. At the same time, intervention and actions increased in our own hemisphere and in the Middle East. Terrorism also became a driving force behind foreign policy. Politically, there was a shift away from liberalism for much of this time period. Political scandals such as Watergate and Iran-Contra were treated differently than previous scandals, thanks in large part to an increase in television coverage. The governmental role in the economy, environmental protection, social welfare, and more shifted greatly during this time period and that role, and its scope, are still being debated today. Socially, this time period saw for the first time immigration primarily from Asia and Central America. A new wave of reform movements promoted environmental, feminist, and civil rights agendas. There was also a resurgence of religious evangelicalism. Technological advances once again redefined not only the economic landscape of America, but also the lives of everyday citizens. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968-Present Person An individual. Birthplace Albemarle County Occupation Vintner Biographical Text Soon after moving to Virginia in 1977, the writer Felicia Warburg Rogan spent a day with her husband John Rogan picking grapes with friends at Lucie Morton's vineyard in King George County. Morton convinced the Rogans to press the grapes, put the juice in a glass container, and let it ferment into wine. Though Felicia Rogan judged the final product "terrible stuff," John Rogan enjoyed the project and helped her put in vines on his farm. The homegrown wines won awards, so she planted more grapes, and in 1983 with her husband’s help she established Oakencroft Vineyard and Winery Corporation. The company's early wines won more honors, and the enterprise expanded even further. Virginians drank little wine when the New York–born Rogan arrived in the state and instead preferred hard liquor. She worked hard to promote and improve the quality of local viticulture and sought links with Thomas Jefferson, who felt that people should drink wine rather than stronger alcohol. Rogan started the Jeffersonian Wine Grape Growers Society and the Monticello Wine Festival to help develop local wine and pushed for the region around Charlottesville to become known as the Monticello Appellation. She served as the first chairman of the Virginia Wine Growers Advisory Board and promoted the industry in Taiwan with Governor Gerald L. Baliles, who named her "the First Lady of Virginia Wine." She also lectured in Dijon, France, and traveled with Governor L. Douglas Wilder to Asia. When Rogan first developed her interest in a vineyard, Virginia featured six wineries, with only one remotely near Charlottesville. Today, the state boasts more than 150 wineries and 23 near Monticello. She closed Oakencroft in 2008 and continues as an ambassador for state wine today. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/va-women-2011" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2011</a> Virginia Women in History honoree, Library of Virginia. Bibliography Image Courtesy of Felicia Rogan. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Felicia Warburg Rogan Subject The topic of the resource Virginia Women In History Description An account of the resource Felicia Warburg Rogan's efforts to promote Virginia's wine industry have earned her the title "the First Lady of Virginia Wine." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011 Virginia Women in History Honoree Business and Entrepreneurship https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/c75ff4283c99ada072a3ebe9f38483af.jpg fcf1bfa59385da5cb7813b6b93400c99 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Contemporary United States Description An account of the resource This era is, in large part, a study of the United States as a global power – politically, economically and militarily. The detente with the Communist China under Nixon begins a shift in our “Domino Theory” in Asia. The collapse of the Soviet Union, the overthrow of communist governments in Eastern Europe, and the end of the Cold War and the nuclear arms race also changed how the United States interacted with Europe. At the same time, intervention and actions increased in our own hemisphere and in the Middle East. Terrorism also became a driving force behind foreign policy. Politically, there was a shift away from liberalism for much of this time period. Political scandals such as Watergate and Iran-Contra were treated differently than previous scandals, thanks in large part to an increase in television coverage. The governmental role in the economy, environmental protection, social welfare, and more shifted greatly during this time period and that role, and its scope, are still being debated today. Socially, this time period saw for the first time immigration primarily from Asia and Central America. A new wave of reform movements promoted environmental, feminist, and civil rights agendas. There was also a resurgence of religious evangelicalism. Technological advances once again redefined not only the economic landscape of America, but also the lives of everyday citizens. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968-Present Person An individual. Birth Date 1918 Birthplace Hampton Occupation Mathematician Biographical Text Growing up in West Virginia, Katherine Johnson was fascinated with numbers. A stellar student, she began college at age fifteen and was encouraged to study advanced math, including a course on the analytic geometry of space that was developed just for her. After graduating from West Virginia State College (later University) in 1937, she taught school, married, and had three daughters. When she learned that the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) at Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory (later Langley Research Center) was hiring African American women to verify calculations needed by engineers, she and her family moved to the vicinity of Hampton, Virginia. Johnson joined NACA in 1953 as a research mathematician and was part of a pool of women she has described as "computers who wore skirts," who read data, ran it through engineering equations, and turned it into usable information. Temporarily assigned to an all-male team in the Flight Research Division, Johnson demonstrated her knowledge of analytic geometry and was assigned to the Space Task Group of the new National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in 1958. She calculated the landing trajectory for the first American in space—Alan Shepard's 1961 mission. For the first moon landing in 1969, she calculated how to propel space capsules into orbit around the moon and how to send landing units to and from the lunar surface. She retired from NASA in 1986, and for many years continued to speak with school groups, urging students to pursue opportunities in math and science. In 2015 she received a Presidential Medal of Freedom in recognition of her accomplishments. UPDATE: Katherine Johnson passed away on February 24, 2020. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/va-women-2016" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2016</a> Virginia Women in History honoree, Library of Virginia. Bibliography Image Courtesy of Joylette Hylick. Death Date 2020 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Katherine Coleman Goble Johnson Subject The topic of the resource Virginia Women In History Description An account of the resource A talented mathematician, Katherine Johnson worked for NASA for more than thirty years and calculated the trajectories for America's earliest manned space flights and the first moon landing. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Virginia Women in History Honoree Science and Medicine https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/21c663035fbb382f74f5fd2871f8d35a.jpg cad6dc4d8d281a7749a435db85335c27 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Contemporary United States Description An account of the resource This era is, in large part, a study of the United States as a global power – politically, economically and militarily. The detente with the Communist China under Nixon begins a shift in our “Domino Theory” in Asia. The collapse of the Soviet Union, the overthrow of communist governments in Eastern Europe, and the end of the Cold War and the nuclear arms race also changed how the United States interacted with Europe. At the same time, intervention and actions increased in our own hemisphere and in the Middle East. Terrorism also became a driving force behind foreign policy. Politically, there was a shift away from liberalism for much of this time period. Political scandals such as Watergate and Iran-Contra were treated differently than previous scandals, thanks in large part to an increase in television coverage. The governmental role in the economy, environmental protection, social welfare, and more shifted greatly during this time period and that role, and its scope, are still being debated today. Socially, this time period saw for the first time immigration primarily from Asia and Central America. A new wave of reform movements promoted environmental, feminist, and civil rights agendas. There was also a resurgence of religious evangelicalism. Technological advances once again redefined not only the economic landscape of America, but also the lives of everyday citizens. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968-Present Person An individual. Birth Date 1906 Birthplace Arlington County Death Date 1992 Occupation Computer Scientist and Rear Admiral Biographical Text Known as "the first lady of software," "Amazing Grace," and "Grandma COBOL," Grace Brewster Murray Hopper (December 9, 1906–January 1, 1992) was a pioneer in computer science. Born in New York City, she received a Ph.D. in mathematics and physics from Yale University in 1934, four years after marrying Vincent Foster Hopper, an educator. During World War II she joined the United States Naval Reserves and was assigned to the Bureau of Ordnance Computation Project at Harvard University, where she programmed the first large-scale computer in the United States. At the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation (later Sperry Rand) she helped design UNIVAC, the first large-scale commercial computer. In 1952 Hopper began writing a computer program for business-oriented tasks. FLOW-MATIC, her 1955 program, became a model for COBOL (Common Business-Oriented Language), the first computer language that allowed operators to use words rather than number code in programming. After a moth trapped in a relay shut down a computer, Hopper coined the computer terms "bug" (referring to a problem or glitch) and "debug" (to remove a programming error). In 1985 she became the United States Navy's first female rear admiral. Throughout her career in mathematics, computer technology, and the navy all fields dominated by men Hopper continually had to prove herself. She observed, "If you do something once, people will call it an accident. If you do it twice, they call it a coincidence. But do it a third time and you've just proven a natural law!" Trying to fight what she called human beings' allergy to change, she kept a clock on her wall that ran counterclockwise. Hopper retired to Arlington County, Virginia, in 1986 and became a consultant for Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC). She died in 1992 and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery. A guided missile destroyer, commissioned in 1997, bears her name. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/va-women-2006" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2006</a> Virginia Women in History honoree, Library of Virginia and Virginia Foundation for Women. Bibliography Image Courtesy of the United States Navy's Wesbite Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grace Brewster Murray Hopper Subject The topic of the resource Virginia Women In History Description An account of the resource Nicknamed "Grandma COBOL," Grace Brewster Murray Hopper was a pioneer in computer science and the first woman to achieve the rank of rear admiral in the United States Navy. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006 Virginia Women in History Honoree Military Science and Medicine https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/280bb842862407798330cd7d841378e2.jpg ec9426e539ecd5576f63175495456157 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Contemporary United States Description An account of the resource This era is, in large part, a study of the United States as a global power – politically, economically and militarily. The detente with the Communist China under Nixon begins a shift in our “Domino Theory” in Asia. The collapse of the Soviet Union, the overthrow of communist governments in Eastern Europe, and the end of the Cold War and the nuclear arms race also changed how the United States interacted with Europe. At the same time, intervention and actions increased in our own hemisphere and in the Middle East. Terrorism also became a driving force behind foreign policy. Politically, there was a shift away from liberalism for much of this time period. Political scandals such as Watergate and Iran-Contra were treated differently than previous scandals, thanks in large part to an increase in television coverage. The governmental role in the economy, environmental protection, social welfare, and more shifted greatly during this time period and that role, and its scope, are still being debated today. Socially, this time period saw for the first time immigration primarily from Asia and Central America. A new wave of reform movements promoted environmental, feminist, and civil rights agendas. There was also a resurgence of religious evangelicalism. Technological advances once again redefined not only the economic landscape of America, but also the lives of everyday citizens. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968-Present Person An individual. Birth Date 1928 Birthplace Richmond Occupation Business Professor Biographical Text Charlottesville native Ruth Coles Harris is the great-granddaughter of slaves and grew up during the Great Depression. She graduated at the top of her class at Virginia State College (later University) in 1948 with a degree in business. As an African American woman in the age of Jim Crow, Harris was obliged to leave the state to pursue her education further, and she earned an MBA from New York University in 1949. She joined the faculty at Virginia Union University and taught in the commerce department. During her nearly forty-eight year tenure, the small department expanded into the Sydney Lewis School of Business. As the business school's first director, Harris oversaw the development of its comprehensive curriculum and the growth of its enrollment to more than 400 students. At her retirement in 1997, she was named a Distinguished Professor Emerita. Hoping to inspire her students, in 1962 Harris took and passed the two-day examination to be a certified public accountant at a time when there were fewer than 100 African American CPAs in the nation. She became the first black woman in Virginia to be certified. During her career Harris served on several state commissions and on local and national community and professional boards of directors. In 1977 she received her doctorate in education from the College of William and Mary. In 1998 Virginia Union awarded Harris with a Doctor of Humane Letters in recognition of her many contributions to that institution and her field. Nominated by Maureen Cheatham, librarian at Matoaca High School, in Chesterfield County.  <a href="https://soundcloud.com/wtju/ruth-coles" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Listen</a> to Ruth Coles Harris's interview with WTJU (2015). <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/va-women-2015" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2015</a> Virginia Women in History honoree, Library of Virginia. Bibliography Image Courtesy of Special Collections and University Archives, Johnston Memorial Library, Virginia State University. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Ruth Coles Harris Subject The topic of the resource Virginia Women In History Description An account of the resource The first African American woman to become a certified public accountant in Virginia, Ruth Coles Harris was also the founding director of the Sydney Lewis School of Business at Virginia Union University. Recipient of the VABPW Foundation Business Leadership Award Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015 Virginia Women in History Honoree Business and Entrepreneurship Education https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/02dbe56d742fd421b7bb8d7139cdd327.jpg 8f67a1ffc51ec570375cda81b380dfc0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Postwar United States Description An account of the resource The era immediately following World War II brought about vast changes, not only in foreign policy, but in economics and a changing civic landscape. The liberalism of the New Deal era grew into movements towards increasing civil liberties and economic opportunities, particularly for minorities and women. Protests became more and more common to the average American as groups demanded equal rights and voting equality. These movements were juxtaposed with Jim Crow laws and the reemergence of the KKK, which showed the darker side of life in the American South. The Cold War pitted the United States and its allies in the newly formed NATO against the ever-increasing and expanding Soviet Union and its fellow Communist regimes, particularly China, Korea and Vietnam. While this era is considered Postwar, it is in fact a move towards a new type of war, where campaigns are fought not only on the battleground, but in the political arena and social consciousness as well, fueled strongly by the increasing influence of television news. The fall of the Nazi regime opened the door to the Iron Curtain and Soviet dominance of Eastern Europe, and the defeat of Japan opened previously invaded lands to the chance to choose new leaders, many of whom sided with the tenants of Communism over those of Capitalism. The United States would spend much of this time period combating the “Domino Effect” to try and stem the spread of Communism, particularly in its own hemisphere with Cuba. At the same time, the United States invested millions into Western Europe through the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan to halt the spread of Communism further west. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1945-1970s Person An individual. Birth Date 1914 Death Date 2009 Birthplace Princess Anne County Occupation Inventor and Forensic Scientist Biographical Text Bessie Blount Griffin (November 24, 1914–December 30, 2009) was born in the community of Hickory, in Princess Anne County (later the city of Chesapeake), where she attended a one-room segregated school. After being punished for writing with her left hand, she taught herself to write by holding a pencil in her teeth and feet, techniques she later taught to servicemen who had suffered amputations. Her father died as a result of injuries suffered during World War I and she moved with her mother to New Jersey during the 1920s. She studied at Union County Junior College and later at the Panzer College of Physical Education and Hygiene and became a registered physical therapist. Bessie Blount, as she was known even after her marriage, worked with wounded soldiers during World War II, which led her to invent an apparatus that enabled amputees to feed themselves. Her first electronic device delivered one mouthful of food at a time, but its size was impractical so she developed a portable version for which she received a patent in 1951. The U.S. Veterans Administration had no interest in manufacturing it and Blount turned over her patent rights to the French government for use in military hospitals. In addition to her medical career, Blount wrote columns published in African American newspapers and in the 1960s she began working in law enforcement as a forensic scientist detecting forged documents. She worked with the police departments in Vineland, New Jersey, and in Norfolk. In the 1970s she became the chief document examiner at the police department in neighboring Portsmouth. She trained and worked at Scotland Yard in 1977, reportedly the first African American woman to do so. Bessie Blount continued to operate as a forensic science consultant into her eighties, verifying the authenticity of documents related to slavery, the Civil War, and Native American treaties with the United States. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/va-women-2005" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2005</a> Virginia Women in History honoree, Virginia Foundation for Women. Bibliography Photograph in Norfolk Journal and Guide, April 15, 1967. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Bessie Blount Griffin Subject The topic of the resource Virginia Women In History Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2005 Virginia Women in History Honoree Description An account of the resource Physical therapist Bessie Blount Griffin invented devices to help wounded soldiers and was a pioneer in the field of forensic science. Science and Medicine https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/c4f33f2967914a73528b65770e28b34e.jpg cce4c7b8786b7e32c1374fe6da52ce65 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Contemporary United States Description An account of the resource This era is, in large part, a study of the United States as a global power – politically, economically and militarily. The detente with the Communist China under Nixon begins a shift in our “Domino Theory” in Asia. The collapse of the Soviet Union, the overthrow of communist governments in Eastern Europe, and the end of the Cold War and the nuclear arms race also changed how the United States interacted with Europe. At the same time, intervention and actions increased in our own hemisphere and in the Middle East. Terrorism also became a driving force behind foreign policy. Politically, there was a shift away from liberalism for much of this time period. Political scandals such as Watergate and Iran-Contra were treated differently than previous scandals, thanks in large part to an increase in television coverage. The governmental role in the economy, environmental protection, social welfare, and more shifted greatly during this time period and that role, and its scope, are still being debated today. Socially, this time period saw for the first time immigration primarily from Asia and Central America. A new wave of reform movements promoted environmental, feminist, and civil rights agendas. There was also a resurgence of religious evangelicalism. Technological advances once again redefined not only the economic landscape of America, but also the lives of everyday citizens. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968-Present Person An individual. Birth Date 1917 Birthplace Dale City Death Date 2013 Occupation Community Activist Biographical Text As a young girl in Puerto Rico, Providencia "Provi" Velazquez Gonzalez (born May 14, 1917) often went without lunch so that she could share her food with others less fortunate. That same compassion defines her life today. Gonzalez moved to New York in 1934 in order to continue nursing studies. On a visit to her former island home, she became dismayed at the lack of resources doctors had to treat cancer patients. After returning to New York, she organized a Latino marathon that raised $20,000 for Corazones Contra El Cancer (Hearts against Cancer), which donated the funds to a hospital in Puerto Rico for oncology research and treatment. In New York, Gonzalez coordinated fashion shows for a sportswear company and also worked part-time as a news anchor and weather reporter for a Spanish-language radio station. In 1972 she moved to Virginia and settled in Dale City, where from 1993 until 2005 she ran the local farmers market. An active member of Holy Family Catholic Church, Gonzalez introduced the custom of celebrating Epiphany with a children's festival, as has traditionally been done in Puerto Rico. In addition to volunteering as a translator for those requiring help in court or with social services, she has assisted needy families in navigating through governmental red tape and also helped raise money to cover the catastrophic medical expenses of the uninsured. Gonzalez has served on the Prince William County Commission on Aging and also on a task force that led to the creation of the county Human Rights Commission. Among other awards, she has been the Dale City Citizen of the Year and in 2006 received the Prince William County Human Rights Award for her humanitarian work and advocacy. Her example led the girls of Pauline Stoneburner's fourth-grade class at Belmont Elementary School in Woodbridge to nominate Gonzalez for statewide recognition as one of the 2008 Virginia Women in History. UPDATE: Providencia Gonzalez died on February 21, 2013. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/va-women-2008" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2008</a> Virginia Women in History honoree, Library of Virginia. Nominated by the girls of Pauline Stoneburner's fourth-grade class at Belmont Elementary School, Woodbridge. Bibliography Image Courtesy of Providencia Velazquez Gonzalez. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Providencia Velazquez Gonzalez Subject The topic of the resource Virginia Women In History Description An account of the resource By striving to improve the lives of those around her, Providencia "Provi" Velazquez Gonzalez serves as an example to her community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008 Virginia Women in History Honoree Community Leadership and Philanthropy https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/8f73f14b04075714203f97c7639bb3b1.jpg 6a73b584583926d3bd3696d69509da51 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Postwar United States Description An account of the resource The era immediately following World War II brought about vast changes, not only in foreign policy, but in economics and a changing civic landscape. The liberalism of the New Deal era grew into movements towards increasing civil liberties and economic opportunities, particularly for minorities and women. Protests became more and more common to the average American as groups demanded equal rights and voting equality. These movements were juxtaposed with Jim Crow laws and the reemergence of the KKK, which showed the darker side of life in the American South. The Cold War pitted the United States and its allies in the newly formed NATO against the ever-increasing and expanding Soviet Union and its fellow Communist regimes, particularly China, Korea and Vietnam. While this era is considered Postwar, it is in fact a move towards a new type of war, where campaigns are fought not only on the battleground, but in the political arena and social consciousness as well, fueled strongly by the increasing influence of television news. The fall of the Nazi regime opened the door to the Iron Curtain and Soviet dominance of Eastern Europe, and the defeat of Japan opened previously invaded lands to the chance to choose new leaders, many of whom sided with the tenants of Communism over those of Capitalism. The United States would spend much of this time period combating the “Domino Effect” to try and stem the spread of Communism, particularly in its own hemisphere with Cuba. At the same time, the United States invested millions into Western Europe through the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan to halt the spread of Communism further west. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1945-1970s Person An individual. Birth Date 1893 Birthplace Richmond Death Date 1976 Occupation Architect Biographical Text The daughter of a Richmond building contractor, Ethel Madison Bailey Carter Furman (July 6, 1893–February 24, 1976) studied architecture privately in New York City. Returning to Richmond with her family in 1921, she began designing houses for local residents. She worked in partnership with her father, while also raising three children and holding a variety of other jobs to supplement her family's income. Furman surmounted the discrimination she faced as a black woman, often by submitting her building plans to local administrators through the male contractors with whom she worked. Late in the 1920s she was the only woman who attended the Hampton Institute's annual Builders' Conference. She continued her training in the 1940s with coursework in architectural drafting at the Chicago Technical College. Throughout her long career, Furman designed an estimated two hundred residences and churches in central Virginia as well as two churches built in Liberia. Her 1962 design for the educational wing of Richmond's Fourth Baptist Church was recognized on the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Church Hill North Historic District extension in 2000. A leader in her community, Furman was recognized for her extensive civic work by the Richmond Afro-American in 1958. A Church Hill park was named in her honor in 1985. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/va-women-2010" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2010</a> Virginia Women in History honoree, Library of Virginia. Bibliography Image Courtesy of the Library of Virginia. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Ethel Bailey Furman Subject The topic of the resource Virginia Women In History Description An account of the resource Ethel Bailey Furman was one of the earliest African American women to work as an architect in Virginia. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010 Virginia Women in History Honoree Business and Entrepreneurship https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/fc26ce686bf41bc871000e959c0c656c.jpg b3b39b80c9f62d20eb9cc4da05316889 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Great Depression and World War II Description An account of the resource Along with events such as the Revolutionary and Civil Wars and the Industrial Revolution, the Great Depression helped to shape modern-day America. The circumstances of the Great Depression enlarged the role of the government in the everyday life of Americans, particularly through FDR's New Deal initiative. World War II helped not only to bring the nation out of the Depression, but also put the United States on the world stage as a leader. Unlike previous administrations who subscribed to a certain level of isolationism, both FDR and Truman placed the United States on a path to strong involvement and leadership in worldwide conflicts and reform movements. Additionally, World War II changed the role of women who went into the workforce as American men went to war. Events such as the bombing at Pearl Harbor, liberation of concentration camps, and the use of atomic bombs provide images and stories that have helped to shape future American foreign policy. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1929-1945 Person An individual. Birth Date 1907 Birthplace Staunton Death Date 1956 Occupation Artist Bibliography Image Courtesy of Horace Talmage Day Jr. Biographical Text Acclaimed artist Mary Elizabeth Nottingham Day (November 29, 1907–April 2, 1956) grew up in Culpeper, which often figured in her paintings. After graduating from Randolph-Macon Woman's College (later Randolph College) in 1928, she studied for three years at the Art Students League and received two fellowships for further study in Europe. Elizabeth Nottingham, as she was known professionally throughout her life, first exhibited in New York galleries in 1929 and continued to show her work regularly in New York and Virginia. One critic wrote that "her palette could 'sing' or 'moan' in her unceasing quest to portray the moods of Virginia's countryside." Returning to Virginia early in the 1930s, Nottingham received a commission to paint a series of historical panels for a Winchester school. In 1936 she became director of the Big Stone Gap Federal Art Gallery and later that year became director of the Lynchburg Federal Art Gallery, supervising the development of exhibitions as well as classes in painting, composition, interior and costume design, and hand crafts. Nottingham served as assistant state art supervisor of the Works Projects Administration's extension service in 1940–1941. She married artist Horace Talmage Day in 1941, and the couple joined the faculty at Mary Baldwin College, where they directed the art department. Committed to bringing art to rural areas of the state, Elizabeth Nottingham Day served as a board member and as president of the Virginia Art Alliance and sat on the State Art Commission from 1950 until 1956. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/va-women-2016" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2016</a> Virginia Women in History honoree, Library of Virginia. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mary Elizabeth Nottingham Day Subject The topic of the resource Virginia Women In History Description An account of the resource A gifted teacher who strove to bring art to all Virginians, Elizabeth Nottingham Day was also an acclaimed artist of the Virginia scene. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Virginia Women in History Honoree Arts and Literature Education https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/41cc1ab11a6e222b2228e0447b721dc8.jpg 4526092642f8607179fbe81534bd7902 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Contemporary United States Description An account of the resource This era is, in large part, a study of the United States as a global power – politically, economically and militarily. The detente with the Communist China under Nixon begins a shift in our “Domino Theory” in Asia. The collapse of the Soviet Union, the overthrow of communist governments in Eastern Europe, and the end of the Cold War and the nuclear arms race also changed how the United States interacted with Europe. At the same time, intervention and actions increased in our own hemisphere and in the Middle East. Terrorism also became a driving force behind foreign policy. Politically, there was a shift away from liberalism for much of this time period. Political scandals such as Watergate and Iran-Contra were treated differently than previous scandals, thanks in large part to an increase in television coverage. The governmental role in the economy, environmental protection, social welfare, and more shifted greatly during this time period and that role, and its scope, are still being debated today. Socially, this time period saw for the first time immigration primarily from Asia and Central America. A new wave of reform movements promoted environmental, feminist, and civil rights agendas. There was also a resurgence of religious evangelicalism. Technological advances once again redefined not only the economic landscape of America, but also the lives of everyday citizens. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968-Present Person An individual. Birth Date 1924 Birthplace Newport News Occupation Educator and Legislator Biographical Text Flora D. Crittenden was born in New York City and moved to Newport News as a teenager. After graduating from Virginia State College (later University) in 1945, she realized her lifelong dream to teach at George Washington Carver High School, one of Newport News’s segregated public schools. During her thirty-two year career there she served as a teacher, guidance counselor, and director of guidance. While raising three children, she earned a master’s degree from Indiana University and accepted a fellowship to study at the University of Louisville. An inspirational teacher and counselor, Crittenden helped African American students adjust to school desegregation and enabled hundreds of students to attend college, sometimes cosigning loans herself. She was also active in the local chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Urged by former students to run for office, Crittenden began her political career in 1986, when she was elected to a four-year term on the Newport News City Council. She won a special election to a vacant seat in the House of Delegates in January 1993. Later that year she was elected to the first of five two-year terms in the House of Delegates, where she advocated improvements in education, public transportation, and public health. She served on a number of influential committees—Education, Privileges and Elections, the Chesapeake and Its Tributaries, and Transportation—before retiring in 2003. In 1994 the Newport News School Board renamed Carver the Flora D. Crittenden Middle School, a magnet school for mathematics, science, and technology. Nominated by Sabrina Carnesi, librarian at Flora D. Crittenden Middle School, Newport News. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/va-women-2016" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2016</a> Virginia Women in History honoree, Library of Virginia. Bibliography Image Courtesy of Thursa Crittenden. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Flora Lonette Davis Crittenden Subject The topic of the resource Virginia Women In History Description An account of the resource As a teacher, school counselor, and member of the House of Delegates, Flora D. Crittenden exemplifies her belief that education is the key to success. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Virginia Women in History Honoree Education Government and Law https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/206f5393a5adbed3a1cea4726635399e.jpg 85d2b9f256f932457f400bba1bc82d38 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Contemporary United States Description An account of the resource This era is, in large part, a study of the United States as a global power – politically, economically and militarily. The detente with the Communist China under Nixon begins a shift in our “Domino Theory” in Asia. The collapse of the Soviet Union, the overthrow of communist governments in Eastern Europe, and the end of the Cold War and the nuclear arms race also changed how the United States interacted with Europe. At the same time, intervention and actions increased in our own hemisphere and in the Middle East. Terrorism also became a driving force behind foreign policy. Politically, there was a shift away from liberalism for much of this time period. Political scandals such as Watergate and Iran-Contra were treated differently than previous scandals, thanks in large part to an increase in television coverage. The governmental role in the economy, environmental protection, social welfare, and more shifted greatly during this time period and that role, and its scope, are still being debated today. Socially, this time period saw for the first time immigration primarily from Asia and Central America. A new wave of reform movements promoted environmental, feminist, and civil rights agendas. There was also a resurgence of religious evangelicalism. Technological advances once again redefined not only the economic landscape of America, but also the lives of everyday citizens. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968-Present Person An individual. Birth Date 1922 Birthplace Richmond Death Date 2006 Occupation Business Executive and Philanthropist Recipient of the VABPW Foundation Business Leadership Award Biographical Text Born in Staunton, Betty Lee Sams Christian (February 19, 1922–April 8, 2006) received a bachelor's degree in physics from Hollins College and a master's degree in social work from Columbia University. After World War II, Christian's husband joined her family's Coca-Cola bottling operation, headquartered in Richmond. During the 1950s the Sams-Christian family operated thirteen plants in Virginia. Following her father's death in 1965, Christian's husband took over the business and in 1980 merged it with other bottling franchises in Maryland, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia to form the Central Coca-Cola Bottling Company, Incorporated. After her husband retired in 1982, Christian took over as president and chief executive officer. She worked during the next two decades to improve the company's accounting, sales, and distribution methods. By the time she retired in 2003, Central Coca-Cola Bottling had become the ninth-largest independent Coke bottler in the country. Active in civic organizations, Christian sat on the board of the Frontier Culture Museum, in Staunton, and the council of the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, in Richmond. In 1991 she established the Burford Leimenstoll Foundation to support charitable causes, including the Massey Cancer Center, the Boy Scouts of America, the Virginia Home for Boys and Girls, and the Chesapeake Bay Foundation. The Child Health Advocacy Program at the University of Virginia is named for Betty Sams Christian. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/va-women-2012" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2012</a> Virginia Women in History honoree, Library of Virginia. Bibliography Courtesy of The Virginia Historical Society. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Betty Sams Christian Subject The topic of the resource Virginia Women In History Description An account of the resource A president of Central Coca-Cola Bottling Company for more than twenty years, Betty Sams Christian enriched her community through philanthropy. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012 Virginia Women in History Honoree Business and Entrepreneurship Community Leadership and Philanthropy