31 10 378 https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/47abe1b3b8ba1b5d2241e55ddc0f1393.jpg b2761ee4c87fee424360b4d723945747 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Contemporary United States Description An account of the resource This era is, in large part, a study of the United States as a global power – politically, economically and militarily. The detente with the Communist China under Nixon begins a shift in our “Domino Theory” in Asia. The collapse of the Soviet Union, the overthrow of communist governments in Eastern Europe, and the end of the Cold War and the nuclear arms race also changed how the United States interacted with Europe. At the same time, intervention and actions increased in our own hemisphere and in the Middle East. Terrorism also became a driving force behind foreign policy. Politically, there was a shift away from liberalism for much of this time period. Political scandals such as Watergate and Iran-Contra were treated differently than previous scandals, thanks in large part to an increase in television coverage. The governmental role in the economy, environmental protection, social welfare, and more shifted greatly during this time period and that role, and its scope, are still being debated today. Socially, this time period saw for the first time immigration primarily from Asia and Central America. A new wave of reform movements promoted environmental, feminist, and civil rights agendas. There was also a resurgence of religious evangelicalism. Technological advances once again redefined not only the economic landscape of America, but also the lives of everyday citizens. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968-Present Person An individual. Birth Date 1943 Birthplace Blacksburg Occupation Poet Biographical Text Poet Nikki Giovanni grew up in Cincinnati, Ohio, and Knoxville, Tennessee. By the time she received her undergraduate degree in history from Fisk University in 1967, she was an outspoken activist for civil rights and equality issues, organizing Cincinnati's first Black Arts Festival that year. In 1968 Giovanni published her first books of verse, Black Feeling, Black Talk and Black Judgment. After brief teaching stints, she joined the English faculty at Virginia Tech in 1987 and became a full professor in 1989. Widely acclaimed for her verse, Giovanni uses bold language to address social issues based on her experiences as an African American woman. Since 1968, she has published more than two dozen volumes of poetry, essays, and edited anthologies, as well as eleven illustrated children's books, including the award-winning Rosa, about Rosa Parks. Her autobiography, Gemini, was a finalist for the 1973 National Book Award. In 2004, her album The Nikki Giovanni Poetry Collection was a Grammy finalist for the Best Spoken Word Album. Giovanni has received numerous awards, including the inaugural Rosa L. Parks Woman of Courage Award (2002), the Virginia Governor's Award for the Arts (2000), and Ebony Magazine's Woman of the Year (1970), although the most unusual honor may be a South American bat species named for her: Micronycteris giovanniae. She is also a seven-time recipient of an NAACP Image Award. A devoted teacher, Giovanni has been a visiting professor and poet-in-residence at numerous colleges, and she encourages students of all ages to express themselves creatively through writing. UPDATE: Nikki Giovanni died of cancer on December 9, 2024. <a href="https://soundcloud.com/wtju/nikki-giovanni" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Listen</a> to Nikki Giovanni's interview with WTJU (2015). <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/va-women-2015" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2015</a> Virginia Women in History honoree, Library of Virginia. Bibliography Image Courtesy of Nikki Giovanni. Death Date 2024 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Nikki Giovanni Subject The topic of the resource Virginia Women In History Description An account of the resource Nikki Giovanni uses her poetry to raise awareness of social issues, particularly those of gender and race. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015 Virginia Women in History Honoree Arts and Literature Education https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/be5463b8fe7c14805cfe2d607dd425a2.jpg 16c6727a4f05a97a215f18e53631f0a4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Contemporary United States Description An account of the resource This era is, in large part, a study of the United States as a global power – politically, economically and militarily. The detente with the Communist China under Nixon begins a shift in our “Domino Theory” in Asia. The collapse of the Soviet Union, the overthrow of communist governments in Eastern Europe, and the end of the Cold War and the nuclear arms race also changed how the United States interacted with Europe. At the same time, intervention and actions increased in our own hemisphere and in the Middle East. Terrorism also became a driving force behind foreign policy. Politically, there was a shift away from liberalism for much of this time period. Political scandals such as Watergate and Iran-Contra were treated differently than previous scandals, thanks in large part to an increase in television coverage. The governmental role in the economy, environmental protection, social welfare, and more shifted greatly during this time period and that role, and its scope, are still being debated today. Socially, this time period saw for the first time immigration primarily from Asia and Central America. A new wave of reform movements promoted environmental, feminist, and civil rights agendas. There was also a resurgence of religious evangelicalism. Technological advances once again redefined not only the economic landscape of America, but also the lives of everyday citizens. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968-Present Person An individual. Birth Date 1940 Birthplace Lynchburg Occupation Educator Biographical Text A native of Altavista, Mary Alice Franklin Hatwood Futrell (born May 24, 1940) graduated from Dunbar High School, in Lynchburg, and in 1962 received a degree in business education from Virginia State College. She taught for two years at Parker-Gray High School, in Alexandria, and was one of the teachers who desegregated the previously all-white faculty of the city's George Washington High School in 1965. While teaching in Alexandria, she earned a master's degree in education from George Washington University in 1968. Futrell was president of the Virginia Education Association from 1976 to 1978 and secretary-treasurer of the National Education Association in 1983, when she was elected president of the 1.9-million-member association. She served until 1989, the longest tenure of any president to that time. During her presidency she focused on reducing dropout rates, expanding the Head Start program and the use of computers in teaching, and providing child-care programs. The NEA later created an award named for her to honor educators who make exemplary contributions to women's rights and education. In 1992 Futrell joined the faculty of George Washington University. She completed her doctorate and in 1995 became dean of the Graduate School of Education and Human Development. She has written and spoken widely on issues relating to education. Long recognized as one of the nation's most distinguished educators, she is also a lifelong advocate for women. In 1976 she became president of ERAmerica, a national organization that lobbied unsuccessfully for ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment. In 1984 Futrell summarized her commitment to education by stating, "History has long demonstrated that education is the foundation, the key to the achievement of equity and excellence in our society." Nominated by Tracey Jones Saxon of Jack Jouett Middle School in Charlottesville. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/va-women-2007" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2007</a> Virginia Women in History honoree, Library of Virginia. Bibliography Image Courtesy of Mary Alice Hatwood Futrell Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mary Alice Franklin Hatwood Futrell Subject The topic of the resource Virginia Women In History Description An account of the resource Long recognized as one of the nation's most distinguished educators, Mary Alice Franklin Hatwood Futrell led the National Education Association from 1983 to 1989. https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/0ad51e6cacd0829ae08a151280595945.jpg c5e771d3332a0213c875b7e358fa9738 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Contemporary United States Description An account of the resource This era is, in large part, a study of the United States as a global power – politically, economically and militarily. The detente with the Communist China under Nixon begins a shift in our “Domino Theory” in Asia. The collapse of the Soviet Union, the overthrow of communist governments in Eastern Europe, and the end of the Cold War and the nuclear arms race also changed how the United States interacted with Europe. At the same time, intervention and actions increased in our own hemisphere and in the Middle East. Terrorism also became a driving force behind foreign policy. Politically, there was a shift away from liberalism for much of this time period. Political scandals such as Watergate and Iran-Contra were treated differently than previous scandals, thanks in large part to an increase in television coverage. The governmental role in the economy, environmental protection, social welfare, and more shifted greatly during this time period and that role, and its scope, are still being debated today. Socially, this time period saw for the first time immigration primarily from Asia and Central America. A new wave of reform movements promoted environmental, feminist, and civil rights agendas. There was also a resurgence of religious evangelicalism. Technological advances once again redefined not only the economic landscape of America, but also the lives of everyday citizens. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968-Present Person An individual. Birth Date 1943 Birthplace Fairfax County Occupation Entrepreneur Biographical Text Mary Ann Edwards Elliott grew up in Newport News after her family moved from Robeson County, North Carolina. After her husband's sudden death, she began looking for work to support her children. Although she had dropped out of high school, she earned her G.E.D., and her persistence led to a job at Motorola as its first woman hired to work in terrestrial wireless communications. She moved into the field of satellite navigation and communications and held management positions with several different companies. In 1991 Elliott founded her own business, which she named Arrowhead Space and Telecommunications, Inc. (later Arrowhead Global Solutions, Inc.) in tribute to her family's Tuscarora and Lumbee Indian heritage. Headquartered in McLean and one of the few technology companies at the time headed by a woman, Arrowhead grew rapidly into a multimillion dollar business that provides integrated communication network solutions for the military and government agencies, including the U.S. Department of Homeland Security and the Department of Defense. She fought gender prejudice through constant study and is recognized as an expert in satellite telecommunications. Elliott has received numerous accolades during her career, including the 1997 Lifetime Achievement Award from Women in Aerospace. In 2007 she became only the second woman inducted into the Space and Satellite Professionals International Hall of Fame. She has established scholarships at the University of North Carolina, Pembroke, and also founded the Morningstar Foundation to support organizations that work on behalf of children, education, health care, and the environment. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/va-women-2003" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2003</a> Virginia Women in History honoree, Virginia Foundation for Women and Delta Kappa Gamma Society International. Bibliography Image Courtesy of Arrowhead Space and Telecommunications, Inc. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mary Ann Elliott Subject The topic of the resource Virginia Women In History Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2003 Virginia Women in History Honoree Description An account of the resource Mary Ann Elliott is a pioneer in wireless and satellite telecommunications technology and a role model for women in her field. https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/95e6bea0ef0fa717ae0a38eff62d200f.jpg e14322d790a4b3ff7e8935396ced3c19 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Postwar United States Description An account of the resource The era immediately following World War II brought about vast changes, not only in foreign policy, but in economics and a changing civic landscape. The liberalism of the New Deal era grew into movements towards increasing civil liberties and economic opportunities, particularly for minorities and women. Protests became more and more common to the average American as groups demanded equal rights and voting equality. These movements were juxtaposed with Jim Crow laws and the reemergence of the KKK, which showed the darker side of life in the American South. The Cold War pitted the United States and its allies in the newly formed NATO against the ever-increasing and expanding Soviet Union and its fellow Communist regimes, particularly China, Korea and Vietnam. While this era is considered Postwar, it is in fact a move towards a new type of war, where campaigns are fought not only on the battleground, but in the political arena and social consciousness as well, fueled strongly by the increasing influence of television news. The fall of the Nazi regime opened the door to the Iron Curtain and Soviet dominance of Eastern Europe, and the defeat of Japan opened previously invaded lands to the chance to choose new leaders, many of whom sided with the tenants of Communism over those of Capitalism. The United States would spend much of this time period combating the “Domino Effect” to try and stem the spread of Communism, particularly in its own hemisphere with Cuba. At the same time, the United States invested millions into Western Europe through the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan to halt the spread of Communism further west. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1945-1970s Person An individual. Birth Date 1932 Birthplace Winchester Death Date 1963 Occupation Singer Biographical Text Patsy Cline (September 8, 1932–March 5, 1963) was born Virginia Patterson Hensley in Winchester. At age sixteen, she quit school to help support her family and began singing professionally. She was hired by a bandleader who gave her the stage name of Patsy. In 1953, she married Gerald E. Cline. She toured regionally and signed a record contract in 1954. The next year, Patsy Cline recorded her first songs in Nashville, Tennessee. After an appearance on Arthur Godfrey's Talent Scouts, her recording of "Walkin' After Midnight" reached the second spot on Billboard's country music chart. After her divorce in 1957, Cline married again and had two children. She moved to Nashville and in 1960 joined the Grand Ole Opry. In 1961, her song "I Fall to Pieces" became her first number-one country hit. She recorded "Crazy" that year, which was also a hit and at the end of the twentieth century remained the song most often played on jukeboxes. She toured with Johnny Cash, and performed at such venues as Carnegie Hall and the Hollywood Bowl. She had recorded more than one hundred songs by the time of her death in a plane crash on March 5, 1963. She was buried in Shenandoah Memorial Park, near Winchester. Cline was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame (1973) and into the Virginia Folk Music Association's Virginia Country Music Hall of Fame (1981). She was recognized with a Lifetime Achievement Award in 1995 by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. She is commemorated with a U.S. postage stamp, numerous biographies, a tribute album, and a feature film. Her music has inspired numerous singers, from Loretta Lynn to k. d. lang. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/va-women-2002" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2002</a> Virginia Women in History honoree, Virginia Foundation for Women and Delta Kappa Gamma Society International. Bibliography Image Courtesy of Celebrating Patsy Cline, Inc. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Patsy Cline Subject The topic of the resource Virginia Women In History Description An account of the resource American country singer Patsy Cline was a highly successful and influential vocalist. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2002 Virginia Women in History Honoree https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/5d708403f5cf30535cf5545147ecfa7e.jpg 59caec11ba0313f35e2fdf4717f47761 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Contemporary United States Description An account of the resource This era is, in large part, a study of the United States as a global power – politically, economically and militarily. The detente with the Communist China under Nixon begins a shift in our “Domino Theory” in Asia. The collapse of the Soviet Union, the overthrow of communist governments in Eastern Europe, and the end of the Cold War and the nuclear arms race also changed how the United States interacted with Europe. At the same time, intervention and actions increased in our own hemisphere and in the Middle East. Terrorism also became a driving force behind foreign policy. Politically, there was a shift away from liberalism for much of this time period. Political scandals such as Watergate and Iran-Contra were treated differently than previous scandals, thanks in large part to an increase in television coverage. The governmental role in the economy, environmental protection, social welfare, and more shifted greatly during this time period and that role, and its scope, are still being debated today. Socially, this time period saw for the first time immigration primarily from Asia and Central America. A new wave of reform movements promoted environmental, feminist, and civil rights agendas. There was also a resurgence of religious evangelicalism. Technological advances once again redefined not only the economic landscape of America, but also the lives of everyday citizens. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968-Present Person An individual. Birth Date 1939 Birthplace Prince William County Occupation Chief of the United States Army Nurse Corps Biographical Text The daughter of sharecroppers, Clara Mae Leach grew up in North Carolina. While attending North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, she joined the Army Student Nurse Program. After graduating in 1961, she was commissioned a second lieutenant in the Army Nurse Corps. She taught at the Medical Training Center at Fort Sam Houston, Texas, where she became the first woman in the army to qualify for the Expert Field Medical Badge. Leach earned an MS in Medical Surgical Nursing from the University of Minnesota, and subsequently taught at Walter Reed Army Institute of Nursing, in Washington, D.C. In 1976, she was the first woman to earn a Master of Military Art and Science from the Army's Command and General Staff College. While overseeing the nursing department at the army hospital in Frankfurt, Germany, she was promoted to the rank of colonel, and there met and married her second husband, Heinz Ender. After attending the U.S. Army War College, Clara Adams-Ender was promoted to brigadier general and made chief of the Army Nurse Corps in 1987. She commanded more than 20,000 nurses and led the Corps through combat operations Just Cause and Desert Storm. In 1991, she was picked to head Fort Belvoir, Virginia, and retired two years later as the first army nurse and the first African American woman to command a major army base. Her many awards include the Distinguished Service Medal with Oak Leaf Cluster and the Army Commendation Medal. Adams-Ender established and became president and CEO of a management consulting firm called Caring About People With Enthusiasm Associates, Inc., in Prince William County. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/va-women-2005" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2005</a> Virginia Women in History honoree, Virginia Foundation for Women. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Clara Leach Adams-Ender Subject The topic of the resource Virginia Women In History Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2005 Virginia Women in History Honoree Description An account of the resource Chief of the U.S. Army Nurse Corps, Clara Adams-Ender was the first African American woman to command a major army base. Military https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/1effd3eb911c30f2c5ca45bb673935dc.jpg b848c4341fcc3c3dcce5ac55c7ed1f43 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Great Depression and World War II Description An account of the resource Along with events such as the Revolutionary and Civil Wars and the Industrial Revolution, the Great Depression helped to shape modern-day America. The circumstances of the Great Depression enlarged the role of the government in the everyday life of Americans, particularly through FDR's New Deal initiative. World War II helped not only to bring the nation out of the Depression, but also put the United States on the world stage as a leader. Unlike previous administrations who subscribed to a certain level of isolationism, both FDR and Truman placed the United States on a path to strong involvement and leadership in worldwide conflicts and reform movements. Additionally, World War II changed the role of women who went into the workforce as American men went to war. Events such as the bombing at Pearl Harbor, liberation of concentration camps, and the use of atomic bombs provide images and stories that have helped to shape future American foreign policy. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1929-1945 Person An individual. Birth Date 1881 Birthplace King William County Death Date 1973 Occupation Upper Mattaponi Leader Biographical Text Mollie Wade Holmes Adams (October 8, 1881–December 14, 1973) grew up in King William County in the Adamstown (later the Upper Mattaponi) Indian community. She faced the same hardships as her neighbors, including poverty, difficulty in attaining education, and the racism of outsiders. In 1900 she married Jasper Lewis Adams, who served as chief of the Upper Mattaponi from 1923 to 1973. Mollie Adams joined her husband as a leader of the tribe as he facilitated the purchase and construction of the Sharon Indian School in 1919 and the Indian View Baptist Church in 1942. Raising her twelve children, Adams faced the bigotry of Walter A. Plecker's management of the Virginia Bureau of Vital Statistics. Plecker systematically worked to reclassify all Virginia Indians as "negro" or "colored" and therefore relegate them to the same racist laws to which African Americans were subject. In a counter move to Plecker's claims against the Indians, several white men signed a statement certifying Adams's Indian ancestry. Despite this adversity, Adams was a tribal elder and passed on the almost-lost skill of feather weaving. She aided anthropologists by allowing her picture to be published in one study and by explaining her herbal remedies to researchers. Adams built a strong base for the modern Upper Mattaponi through her church and tribal activism. Her son Andrew Washington Adams was chief of the Upper Mattaponi from 1974 to 1985, and her grandson, Kenneth Adams, is the current chief. Nominated by Arlene Milner, Keysville. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/va-women-2010" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2010</a> Virginia Women in History honoree, Library of Virginia. Bibliography Image Courtesy of The Library of Virginia. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mollie Holmes Adams Subject The topic of the resource Virginia Women In History Description An account of the resource Mollie Holmes Adams helped preserve the Upper Mattaponi heritage by passing on the almost-lost art of feather weaving and recording her herbal remedies. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010 Virginia Women in History Honoree Arts and Literature Community Leadership and Philanthropy https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/1a4dcf35c7e63c1573a0ef6cf7b44bf1.jpg 742eb8d6de3c7931e50d2d5f0d1731cc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Emergence of Modern America Description An account of the resource The idea of a “Modern United States” begins with the advent of the Progressive era. The Progressive movement focused on reforms they viewed as necessary after drastic increases in industrialization, immigration, urbanization and corruption in the business and political realms. One of the most successful reform movements of the time periods is the women’s suffrage movement. Other movements that gained traction on a new scale during this era were the labor movement, including the rise of unions, and the Harlem Renaissance and northward migration of the African American population. The time also saw a resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan in direct retaliation to increased immigration and shifting roles for African Americans. With all of the changes on the home front of America, this era also saw the emergence of the United States as a major world power. The Spanish-American War pitted the United States against a European power other than Great Britain for the first time, and battles spanned the Atlantic and Pacific. The war also led to the rise of Theodore Roosevelt, an increase in propaganda and marketing of a war, both through yellow journalism and war slogans and ephemera encouraging citizens to “Remember the Maine!” Soon after, the United States would come to find itself embroiled in World War I, despite strong isolationist tendencies. Along with a large death toll, World War I led to the development of the failed League of Nations, ultimately pushing the United States even further into an isolationist standing that would last for decades. The immediate postwar period of the “Roaring 20s” saw a domination in politics and economics by big business and its supporters, which would all come crashing down in less than a decade. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1890-1930 Person An individual. Birth Date 1872 Birthplace Wytheville Death Date 1961 Occupation First Lady Biographical Text Born in Wytheville, Edith Bolling (October 15, 1872–December 28, 1961) traced her ancestry to Pocahontas and Thomas Jefferson. She attended Martha Washington College, in Abingdon, and then the Richmond Female Seminary. In 1896, she married Norman Galt, the owner of a jewelry store in Washington, D.C. After Galt died, she oversaw the business until the 1930s. In 1915, Edith Galt met the recently widowed President Woodrow Wilson, whom she married after a brief courtship. Her social role as First Lady was overshadowed by the war in Europe, and Edith Wilson embraced food and gasoline conservation at the White House and kept sheep to maintain the lawn. She donated the proceeds of the sale of the wool to the Red Cross, for which she also volunteered. After the war, she accompanied her husband to France, visiting hospitals and troops. She also attended the peace conference where Wilson presented his plan for the League of Nations. When the president suffered a debilitating stroke in 1919, Edith Wilson concealed the severity of his illness from his cabinet and the public and began what she called her "stewardship" of her husband's duties. For several months, she screened matters of state brought to his attention, controlled access to him by government officials, and reported his decisions, which led to later references to her as the "secret president." Edith Wilson remained in Washington after her husband's death in 1924, managing his legacy. One of her last public appearances was at the 1961 inauguration of John F. Kennedy. The Wilsons are interred at the Washington National Cathedral. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/va-women-2001" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2001</a> Virginia Women in History honoree, Virginia Foundation for Women and Delta Kappa Gamma Society International. Bibliography Image Courtesy of International Newsreel. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Edith Bolling Galt Wilson Subject The topic of the resource Virginia Women In History Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2001 Virginia Women in History Honoree Description An account of the resource As First Lady of the United States, Edith Wilson was Woodrow Wilson's trusted confidant. Government and Law https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/4f024d467daf18972e3b68e5854ce29c.jpg a6b377e6f9812dbfa67dd0d665012659 https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/f1f5353854b3a53a1caaa9c48ed18c01.mp3 cb72c68765c2aec0d590c411d5a75c29 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Emergence of Modern America Description An account of the resource The idea of a “Modern United States” begins with the advent of the Progressive era. The Progressive movement focused on reforms they viewed as necessary after drastic increases in industrialization, immigration, urbanization and corruption in the business and political realms. One of the most successful reform movements of the time periods is the women’s suffrage movement. Other movements that gained traction on a new scale during this era were the labor movement, including the rise of unions, and the Harlem Renaissance and northward migration of the African American population. The time also saw a resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan in direct retaliation to increased immigration and shifting roles for African Americans. With all of the changes on the home front of America, this era also saw the emergence of the United States as a major world power. The Spanish-American War pitted the United States against a European power other than Great Britain for the first time, and battles spanned the Atlantic and Pacific. The war also led to the rise of Theodore Roosevelt, an increase in propaganda and marketing of a war, both through yellow journalism and war slogans and ephemera encouraging citizens to “Remember the Maine!” Soon after, the United States would come to find itself embroiled in World War I, despite strong isolationist tendencies. Along with a large death toll, World War I led to the development of the failed League of Nations, ultimately pushing the United States even further into an isolationist standing that would last for decades. The immediate postwar period of the “Roaring 20s” saw a domination in politics and economics by big business and its supporters, which would all come crashing down in less than a decade. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1890-1930 Person An individual. Birth Date 1864 Birthplace Richmond Death Date 1934 Occupation Enterpreneur and Civil Rights Leader Biographical Text An astute businesswoman, Maggie Lena Mitchell Walker (July 15, 1864–December 15, 1934) was also a tireless advocate for civil rights. Born in Richmond, Maggie Mitchell graduated from the Richmond Colored Normal School and became a teacher. On September 14, 1886, she married Armstead Walker Jr., with whom she had three children. By 1904 they were living in Richmond's Jackson Ward, a vibrant African American neighborhood. Maggie Walker joined the Independent Order of Saint Luke, an African American fraternal organization, in 1881. She rose through the ranks and became Grand Secretary and steered the Order to fiscal security. In 1901 she declared her intention to expand the Order's services to its members to include a bank, a newspaper, and a department store. The Saint Luke Penny Savings Bank opened in November 1903 with Walker as its president, making her the first African American woman to establish and be president of a bank. A voice for civil rights, Walker helped to organize a protest in 1904 against the Virginia Passenger and Power Company's policy of segregated seating on Richmond's streetcars. She advocated voting rights for women, arguing that equal pay for their work would not become reality until "women force Capital to hear them at the ballot box." When the Nineteenth Amendment guaranteeing woman suffrage was ratified, she and community activist Ora Brown Stokes organized a successful voter registration drive in Richmond. In 1921 she sought election as superintendent of public instruction on the "Lily Black" Republican ticket that featured Richmond Planet editor John Mitchell Jr., as the gubernatorial candidate. Maggie Lena Walker died in 1934 at her home, which is now a National Historic Site owned and operated by the National Park Service. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/va-women-2000" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2000</a> Virginia Women in History honoree, Virginia Foundation for Women and Delta Kappa Gamma Society International, and featured as one of the Library's <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/va-women-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2020</a> Virginia Women in History suffrage activists as part of the Library's 19th Amendment Centennial <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/wedemand/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">exhibition</a>, We Demand: Women's Suffrage in Virginia. Bibliography Image Courtesy of The Valentine, Richmond. Audio clip: excerpt of Maggie Walker's July 14, 1912, speech to the Negro Young People's Christian and Educational Congress (Maggie Walker National Historic Site), read by Library of Virginia staff. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Maggie Lena Walker Subject The topic of the resource Virginia Women In History Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2000 Virginia Women in History Honoree Description An account of the resource Businesswoman and community activist Maggie Walker was the first African American woman to charter and serve as president of a bank. Business and Entrepreneurship Civil Rights and Reform Community Leadership and Philanthropy https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/13f3d93de316855749db30957e57a56a.jpg 1fd02e26748c99affd26832640568435 https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/52a184bfddb91ca8104ecc81bc8b88d3.mp3 e9d8b68e8ff94bd01565f80b351dfe37 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Emergence of Modern America Description An account of the resource The idea of a “Modern United States” begins with the advent of the Progressive era. The Progressive movement focused on reforms they viewed as necessary after drastic increases in industrialization, immigration, urbanization and corruption in the business and political realms. One of the most successful reform movements of the time periods is the women’s suffrage movement. Other movements that gained traction on a new scale during this era were the labor movement, including the rise of unions, and the Harlem Renaissance and northward migration of the African American population. The time also saw a resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan in direct retaliation to increased immigration and shifting roles for African Americans. With all of the changes on the home front of America, this era also saw the emergence of the United States as a major world power. The Spanish-American War pitted the United States against a European power other than Great Britain for the first time, and battles spanned the Atlantic and Pacific. The war also led to the rise of Theodore Roosevelt, an increase in propaganda and marketing of a war, both through yellow journalism and war slogans and ephemera encouraging citizens to “Remember the Maine!” Soon after, the United States would come to find itself embroiled in World War I, despite strong isolationist tendencies. Along with a large death toll, World War I led to the development of the failed League of Nations, ultimately pushing the United States even further into an isolationist standing that would last for decades. The immediate postwar period of the “Roaring 20s” saw a domination in politics and economics by big business and its supporters, which would all come crashing down in less than a decade. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1890-1930 Person An individual. Birth Date 1865 Birthplace Richmond Death Date 1921 Biographical Text Social reformer and suffrage activist Lila Hardaway Meade (February 4, 1865–July 14, 1921) was born in Richmond and in 1886 married Benjamin B. Valentine, a wealthy businessman who shared her interest in public service. In 1900, Lila Valentine formed the Richmond Education Association to improve the city's public schools through the development of a kindergarten training school and curriculum, a vocational training program, and the construction of a new high school. In 1902, she helped organize and secure funding for the Instructive Visiting Nurse Association to provide health care services to the poor, including tuberculosis clinics. Valentine believed that female voters could help bring about social reform, and in 1909 she cofounded and presided over the Equal Suffrage League of Virginia. She traveled across the state campaigning for suffrage and speaking out against those who feared that woman suffrage threatened traditional gender roles and racial voting restrictions. Speaking before a legislative committee in 1912, Valentine informed delegates that "we do not conceive that we have freedom without the ballot." The General Assembly defeated suffrage measures in 1912, 1914, and 1916, and Valentine subsequently advocated a national amendment to the United States Constitution. Once the Nineteenth Amendment became law in 1920, she supported the Equal Suffrage League's transition to the Virginia League of Women Voters, although poor health prevented her active participation. Despite her crusade, Valentine died in 1921 without ever casting a ballot. A memorial plaque placed in the Virginia State Capitol in 1936 honors her achievements in the fight for woman suffrage. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/va-women-2000" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2000</a> Virginia Women in History honoree, Virginia Foundation for Women and Delta Kappa Gamma Society International, and featured as one of the Library's <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/va-women-2020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2020</a> Virginia Women in History suffrage activists as part of the Library's 19th Amendment Centennial <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/wedemand/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">exhibition</a>, We Demand: Women's Suffrage in Virginia. Occupation Reformer and Suffragist Bibliography Image Courtesy of The Valentine, Richmond. Audio clip: excerpt of Lila M. Valentine's September 7, 1916, speech to the National American Woman Suffrage Association convention, read by Library of Virginia staff. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Lila Meade Valentine Subject The topic of the resource Virginia Women In History Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2000 Virginia Women in History Honoree Description An account of the resource Social reformer Lila Meade Valentine was a founder and president of the Equal Suffrage League of Virginia. Civil Rights and Reform https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/b837d1ad2f78c781a96f3ea36fbdbbd3.jpg d2cb01107713ebd69bf8a50bd0c61dd6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Postwar United States Description An account of the resource The era immediately following World War II brought about vast changes, not only in foreign policy, but in economics and a changing civic landscape. The liberalism of the New Deal era grew into movements towards increasing civil liberties and economic opportunities, particularly for minorities and women. Protests became more and more common to the average American as groups demanded equal rights and voting equality. These movements were juxtaposed with Jim Crow laws and the reemergence of the KKK, which showed the darker side of life in the American South. The Cold War pitted the United States and its allies in the newly formed NATO against the ever-increasing and expanding Soviet Union and its fellow Communist regimes, particularly China, Korea and Vietnam. While this era is considered Postwar, it is in fact a move towards a new type of war, where campaigns are fought not only on the battleground, but in the political arena and social consciousness as well, fueled strongly by the increasing influence of television news. The fall of the Nazi regime opened the door to the Iron Curtain and Soviet dominance of Eastern Europe, and the defeat of Japan opened previously invaded lands to the chance to choose new leaders, many of whom sided with the tenants of Communism over those of Capitalism. The United States would spend much of this time period combating the “Domino Effect” to try and stem the spread of Communism, particularly in its own hemisphere with Cuba. At the same time, the United States invested millions into Western Europe through the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan to halt the spread of Communism further west. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1945-1970s Person An individual. Birth Date 1888 Birthplace Lynchburg and Amherst County Death Date 1980 Occupation Artist Biographical Text Dubbed the "Grandma Moses of Virginia," Emma Serena Dillard "Queena" Stovall (December 20, 1888–June 27, 1980) painted nostalgic scenes of people and activities in rural Virginia. Her grandmother gave her the nickname "Queena" based on a child's attempt to pronounce Serena. She married Jonathan Breckenridge "Brack" Stovall in 1908; they had five sons and four daughters. The Stovalls lived at various times in Lynchburg and nearby Elon. In 1949 Stovall enrolled in an art class at Randolph-Macon Woman's College, where her instructor, the celebrated painter Pierre Daura, encouraged her to drop the class and develop her own unique painting style. In 1956 Stovall mounted a solo exhibition at the Lynchburg Art Center. Stovall's approximately fifty paintings document her life on a farm, as well as events that occurred among her neighbors, both black and white. She combined careful detail with bright colors to produce nostalgic scenes of ordinary life. She occasionally used figures cut out of magazines to solve compositional problems. Largely self-taught, she maintained an informal connection to Daura. Stovall continued to paint until her health began to fail late in the 1960s. She completed her last composition, Comp'ny Comin', in 1967. The collections of Lynchburg College, the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, and the New York State Historical Association hold examples of her work. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/va-women-2010" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2010</a> Virginia Women in History honoree, Library of Virginia. Bibliography Image Courtesy of the Stovall Family with thanks to the Daura Gallery, Lynchburg College. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Queena Stovall Subject The topic of the resource Virginia Women In History Description An account of the resource Taking up painting early in her sixties, Queena Stovall created works that recalled her life in rural Virginia and earned her the title the "Grandma Moses of Virginia." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010 Virginia Women in History Honoree Arts and Literature