35 10 378 https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/b85da0a47e71b23a25eec52bc827383c.jpg 81b13074d77d4a68a9255c3b7ddc1074 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Emergence of Modern America Description An account of the resource The idea of a “Modern United States” begins with the advent of the Progressive era. The Progressive movement focused on reforms they viewed as necessary after drastic increases in industrialization, immigration, urbanization and corruption in the business and political realms. One of the most successful reform movements of the time periods is the women’s suffrage movement. Other movements that gained traction on a new scale during this era were the labor movement, including the rise of unions, and the Harlem Renaissance and northward migration of the African American population. The time also saw a resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan in direct retaliation to increased immigration and shifting roles for African Americans. With all of the changes on the home front of America, this era also saw the emergence of the United States as a major world power. The Spanish-American War pitted the United States against a European power other than Great Britain for the first time, and battles spanned the Atlantic and Pacific. The war also led to the rise of Theodore Roosevelt, an increase in propaganda and marketing of a war, both through yellow journalism and war slogans and ephemera encouraging citizens to “Remember the Maine!” Soon after, the United States would come to find itself embroiled in World War I, despite strong isolationist tendencies. Along with a large death toll, World War I led to the development of the failed League of Nations, ultimately pushing the United States even further into an isolationist standing that would last for decades. The immediate postwar period of the “Roaring 20s” saw a domination in politics and economics by big business and its supporters, which would all come crashing down in less than a decade. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1890-1930 Person An individual. Birth Date 1865 Birthplace Roanoke Death Date 1914 Occupation Physician and Pharmacist Biographical Text Probably the son of a former slave, Isaac David Burrell (March 10, 1865–March 21, 1914) received an M.D. in 1893 from the Leonard Medical College of Shaw University in Raleigh, North Carolina. He moved to Roanoke and there established a prospering medical practice. Burrell opened a drugstore, for many years the only black-owned drugstore in southwestern Virginia. In 1914 he became ill. Because black patients were denied admission to the city’s white hospitals, he made the 220-mile journey by train to Freedman’s Hospital in Washington, D.C., where he died shortly after undergoing surgery for gallstones. His death was the impetus for black physicians of Roanoke to open a hospital for their patients. Named Burrell Memorial Hospital, the ten-bed facility was on Henry Street. In 1919 the city leased the abandoned buildings of the Allegheny Institute to the doctors who ran the black hospital there from 1921 until 1955, when a modern brick hospital was constructed with the help of a woman’s auxiliary. The civil rights movement opened white hospitals to black patients, and Burrell Memorial Hospital closed in 1978. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/trailblazers-2007" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2007</a> African American Trailblazers honoree, Library of Virginia. Bibliography Image Courtesy of the New York Public Library Digital Collection. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Isaac David Burrell Subject The topic of the resource African American Trailblazers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007 African American Trailblazers Honoree Description An account of the resource A physician, Isaac David Burrell operated the only pharmacy for African Americans in Roanoke for many years. Science and Medicine https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/0030793cbb0b0c24d305a38409e19e1e.jpg 15392884c02f1202014b5190f11982af Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Great Depression and World War II Description An account of the resource Along with events such as the Revolutionary and Civil Wars and the Industrial Revolution, the Great Depression helped to shape modern-day America. The circumstances of the Great Depression enlarged the role of the government in the everyday life of Americans, particularly through FDR's New Deal initiative. World War II helped not only to bring the nation out of the Depression, but also put the United States on the world stage as a leader. Unlike previous administrations who subscribed to a certain level of isolationism, both FDR and Truman placed the United States on a path to strong involvement and leadership in worldwide conflicts and reform movements. Additionally, World War II changed the role of women who went into the workforce as American men went to war. Events such as the bombing at Pearl Harbor, liberation of concentration camps, and the use of atomic bombs provide images and stories that have helped to shape future American foreign policy. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1929-1945 Person An individual. Birth Date 1890 Birthplace Richmond Death Date 1957 Occupation Founder of the National Association of Ministers' Waves Biographical Text Elizabeth A. Coles (November 14, 1890-February 5, 1957) was born in Liberia, the daughter of missionaries. Her family returned to Virginia in 1893. After high school, Coles wanted to be a missionary, but as there was no support for unmarried female missionaries, she prepared for a career as a teacher. One day she received a letter from Edward H. Bouey, also a child of missionaries. At their first meeting, he proposed to her, and they soon married. The couple went to Liberia, where they continued her parents’ work, ran a school, and began a hospital. In 1929 they returned to Richmond with their children and an adopted African youth. Elizabeth Coles Bouey became a public school teacher but found time to study theology at Virginia Union University and to earn a master’s degree in education from Columbia University. Knowing of the lack of training available for ministers’ wives, Bouey proposed a national association for them. Her idea was well received in the region, and the first chapter of the National Association of Ministers’ Wives was founded in Richmond in 1939. During the next year, Bouey organized other chapters in Virginia and corresponded with ministers’ wives throughout the United States. The first national conference took place in Richmond in 1941, and Bouey was elected president, a post she held until her death. Over the next sixteen years, Bouey oversaw members from more than thirty states and from West Africa; the establishment of the organization’s journal, Ministers’ Wives Herald; and the purchase of a building in Richmond. Since Bouey’s death the NAMW has become the International Association of Ministers’ Wives and Ministers’ Widows, with more than 40,000 members. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/trailblazers-2007" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2007</a> African American Trailblazers honoree, Library of Virginia. Bibliography Image Courtesy of the Library of Virginia. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Elizabeth Coles Bouey Subject The topic of the resource African American Trailblazers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007 African American Trailblazers Honoree Description An account of the resource The daughter and wife of missionaries, Elizabeth Coles Bouey organized the National Association of Ministers’ Wives. Education Religion https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/0c270bf723dd45df0c18ef630a65a805.jpg bcbfbcea09e18cb67775bd186a2fef17 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Great Depression and World War II Description An account of the resource Along with events such as the Revolutionary and Civil Wars and the Industrial Revolution, the Great Depression helped to shape modern-day America. The circumstances of the Great Depression enlarged the role of the government in the everyday life of Americans, particularly through FDR's New Deal initiative. World War II helped not only to bring the nation out of the Depression, but also put the United States on the world stage as a leader. Unlike previous administrations who subscribed to a certain level of isolationism, both FDR and Truman placed the United States on a path to strong involvement and leadership in worldwide conflicts and reform movements. Additionally, World War II changed the role of women who went into the workforce as American men went to war. Events such as the bombing at Pearl Harbor, liberation of concentration camps, and the use of atomic bombs provide images and stories that have helped to shape future American foreign policy. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1929-1945 Person An individual. Birth Date 1898 Birthplace Richmond Death Date 1955 Occupation Sculptor Biographical Text Leslie Garland Bolling (September 16, 1898-September 27, 1955) carved wooden figures that drew national attention in the first half of the twentieth century. The son of a Surry County blacksmith, Bolling attended Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute and graduated from Virginia Union University. He worked in Richmond as a porter, letter carrier, and utility tradesman to make a living. With pocket knives and a scroll saw, Bolling carved sculptures out of poplar wood in his spare time. Most were single human figures between a foot and two feet tall. After a group exhibition at the Richmond Young Women’s Christian Association, a Richmonder introduced Bolling to the New York art critic Carl Van Vechten, who became one of the artist’s supporters. In 1933 the self-taught carver won an award at an exhibition in Washington, D.C., sponsored by the Harmon Foundation, which supported African American art. Later that year he showed four more sculptures at Howard University. Bolling usually depicted African Americans at work or leisure. Among his better-known works was the Days of the Week series of seven figures, which showed black people in their day-to-day lives. In January 1935 Bolling earned the distinction of being the first African American in Virginia to have a one-man exhibition, at the Richmond Academy of Arts. In June 1937 the William D. Cox Gallery in New York presented a one-man show of seventeen of Bolling’s works, including the completed Days of the Week series. Bolling worked with Richmond leaders to establish the Craig House Art Center, a Works Progress Administration project that opened in 1938 to teach art and its appreciation to African Americans. He taught woodcarving and exhibited some of his sculptures there before the center closed in 1941. Bolling showed a few more pieces, but he had likely stopped carving by the time he died in 1955. Scholars have documented more than eighty of his sculptures, but the whereabouts of fewer than half now are known. Currently Bolling’s work can be found at Yale University, the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, and the Valentine Richmond History Center. In 2006 the Library of Virginia installed an exhibition of his work. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/trailblazers-2007" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2007</a> African American Trailblazers honoree, Library of Virginia. Bibliography Image Courtesy of Harmon Foundation, Collection H, National Archives and Records Administration. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Leslie Garland Bolling Subject The topic of the resource African American Trailblazers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007 African American Trailblazers Honoree Description An account of the resource A self-taught wood carver, Leslie Garland Bolling achieved national recognition for his wooden sculptures of African Americans at work or leisure. Arts and Literature https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/215d1a1f5b776a59e27befbd38636842.jpg 2a4be32f24e1aea69b773626732c8b3e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Great Depression and World War II Description An account of the resource Along with events such as the Revolutionary and Civil Wars and the Industrial Revolution, the Great Depression helped to shape modern-day America. The circumstances of the Great Depression enlarged the role of the government in the everyday life of Americans, particularly through FDR's New Deal initiative. World War II helped not only to bring the nation out of the Depression, but also put the United States on the world stage as a leader. Unlike previous administrations who subscribed to a certain level of isolationism, both FDR and Truman placed the United States on a path to strong involvement and leadership in worldwide conflicts and reform movements. Additionally, World War II changed the role of women who went into the workforce as American men went to war. Events such as the bombing at Pearl Harbor, liberation of concentration camps, and the use of atomic bombs provide images and stories that have helped to shape future American foreign policy. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1929-1945 Person An individual. Birth Date 1886 Birthplace Williamsburg Death Date 1979 Occupation Educator and Civic Leader Biographical Text Clara Olivia Byrd Baker (June 22, 1886-October 20, 1979) was a motivated educator who took pride in encouraging her students to go on to professional careers. Her first teaching assignment was a one-room school in James City County in 1902. In 1920 she began teaching at a public training school for African American children. Ultimately she was assigned to Bruton Heights School, where she stayed until her retirement in 1952. While teaching, she continued her own education at Hampton Institute and at Virginia State College for Negroes (later Virginia State University), where she received a B.S. in education. Baker was the mother of four children and a leader in the black community of Williamsburg. She promoted interracial cooperation and advocated women’s involvement in public affairs. Baker was one of the first women in Williamsburg to register to vote in 1920. Her wide-ranging memberships included church, teaching, children’s, and women’s organizations. At a 1967 tribute gathering for her in Williamsburg, the superintendent of schools declared that he could not remember any worthwhile communitywide effort in which Baker had not participated. For her work, Baker won numerous honors from local and regional organizations. In 1967 Baker moved to Virginia Beach, where she continued her extensive civic volunteering until her death. The Williamsburg–James City County School System opened the Clara Byrd Baker Elementary School in September 1989. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/trailblazers-2007" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2007</a> African American Trailblazers honoree, Library of Virginia. Bibliography Image Courtesy of the Library of Virginia. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Clara Olivia Byrd Baker Subject The topic of the resource African American Trailblazers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007 African American Trailblazers Honoree Description An account of the resource A teacher for more than thirty years, Clara Baker was also an advocate for women's rights. Community Leadership and Philanthropy Education https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/f4ac39e6f566cd7a455d48bcb6dce712.jpg 8e127e3ea9e61cff1e3b94e68ba3c560 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Contemporary United States Description An account of the resource This era is, in large part, a study of the United States as a global power – politically, economically and militarily. The detente with the Communist China under Nixon begins a shift in our “Domino Theory” in Asia. The collapse of the Soviet Union, the overthrow of communist governments in Eastern Europe, and the end of the Cold War and the nuclear arms race also changed how the United States interacted with Europe. At the same time, intervention and actions increased in our own hemisphere and in the Middle East. Terrorism also became a driving force behind foreign policy. Politically, there was a shift away from liberalism for much of this time period. Political scandals such as Watergate and Iran-Contra were treated differently than previous scandals, thanks in large part to an increase in television coverage. The governmental role in the economy, environmental protection, social welfare, and more shifted greatly during this time period and that role, and its scope, are still being debated today. Socially, this time period saw for the first time immigration primarily from Asia and Central America. A new wave of reform movements promoted environmental, feminist, and civil rights agendas. There was also a resurgence of religious evangelicalism. Technological advances once again redefined not only the economic landscape of America, but also the lives of everyday citizens. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968-Present Person An individual. Birth Date 1943 Birthplace Richmond Death Date 1993 Occupation Tennis Player, Writer, and Humanitarian Biographical Text A champion of human dignity around the world, Arthur Robert Ashe (July 10, 1943-February 6, 1993) overcame the discrimination he faced growing up in Richmond to become a top-ranked tennis player and acclaimed author. Ashe learned tennis from coaches in Richmond and Lynchburg. In spite of being barred from many local and regional tournaments, which excluded African American players, he won national youth titles in 1960 and 1961. A successful collegiate career at UCLA and selection as the first African American player on the U.S. Davis Cup team cemented his status as one of the world’s best amateurs. Ashe won the U.S. Open in 1968 and, after turning professional the following year, thirty-three pro titles, including the Australian Open and Wimbledon. After his retirement from playing, he coached the U.S. Davis Cup team to two titles. Ashe advanced the rights of blacks in America and throughout the world. His dignified approach to tennis and to life served to rebut negative stereotypes. With forceful rhetoric he decried the conditions faced by many blacks in the United States and protested the apartheid regime in South Africa. Ashe’s interest in education spurred him to write a history of African American athletes, A Hard Road to Glory (1988). A television documentary based on the book won him an Emmy award. Heart problems forced Ashe to undergo two surgeries, the latter of which required a blood transfusion. Serving as chairman of the American Heart Association in 1981, he added health advocacy to his list of public commitments. When it was revealed that through the transfusion he had acquired HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, he campaigned for those suffering from the disease. His humanitarian legacy has included the Arthur Ashe Institute for Urban Health and the Arthur Ashe Program in AIDS Care. Because of the bigotry he had experienced, Ashe was long estranged from Richmond and Virginia. Eventually he reestablished ties and created a mentoring program called Virginia Heroes. Richmond honored him with a statue on its Monument Avenue, previously renowned for celebrations of eminent Confederates. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/trailblazers-2007" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2007</a> African American Trailblazers honoree, Library of Virginia. Bibliography Image Courtesy of the Library of Virginia. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Arthur Robert Ashe Subject The topic of the resource African American Trailblazers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007 African American Trailblazers Honoree Description An account of the resource Tennis champion Arthur Ashe was an advocate for human dignity around the world. Civil Rights and Reform Sports and Media https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/6e8d28f9bc9899def6098d8aa07b4aa8.jpg 84e6615e96c49facd96295a8ce6d1d95 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Great Depression and World War II Description An account of the resource Along with events such as the Revolutionary and Civil Wars and the Industrial Revolution, the Great Depression helped to shape modern-day America. The circumstances of the Great Depression enlarged the role of the government in the everyday life of Americans, particularly through FDR's New Deal initiative. World War II helped not only to bring the nation out of the Depression, but also put the United States on the world stage as a leader. Unlike previous administrations who subscribed to a certain level of isolationism, both FDR and Truman placed the United States on a path to strong involvement and leadership in worldwide conflicts and reform movements. Additionally, World War II changed the role of women who went into the workforce as American men went to war. Events such as the bombing at Pearl Harbor, liberation of concentration camps, and the use of atomic bombs provide images and stories that have helped to shape future American foreign policy. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1929-1945 Person An individual. Birth Date 1905 Birthplace Richmond Death Date 1995 Occupation Dancer Biographical Text Nationally famous tap dancer Pleasants Roper "Snowball" Crump (September 1, 1905–August 1, 1995) was born and raised in Richmond. While a student, he observed the young men who danced in Jackson Ward, the center of Richmond’s African American community. A self-taught dancer, Crump performed as the "Dancing Busboy" in local black nightclubs. He offered tap-dancing lessons at community centers and entertained at the city's white clubs. By 1926 he had obtained engagements as far away as New York. Crump went to New York City early in the 1930s to study with Richmond-born dancer Bill "Bojangles" Robinson. They danced together at prominent New York hotels and nightclubs. Skilled at clog, buck and wing, and fancy tap techniques, Crump displayed a distinctive flashing, energetic, and bold dancing style. In 1938 he won first place on the Major Bowes Amateur Hour. As a result he joined Bowes’s Rodeo Rhythm Revue, a vaudeville road show that toured the nation. Crump later asserted that he was the first black entertainer to tour with the troupe. About 1940 Crump returned to Richmond. During World War II he toured with United Service Organizations troupes. Crump’s travels took him throughout the United States and also to other countries. Crump was among the first African Americans to appear on such early television programs as The Bob Hope Show, The Ed Sullivan Show, and What’s My Line? Crump worked as a clerk for the Internal Revenue Service until he retired in 1960. In the years that followed he had several part-time jobs, but he kept performing well into his eighties. For more than forty years he danced to "Tea for Two" and "Sweet Georgia Brown" on top of the dugout at Richmond’s minor-league baseball fields, including the inaugural game at the Diamond in 1985. Known as the unofficial mayor of Southside Richmond, Crump was highly regarded for his community work at churches, schools, and nursing homes and also for tutoring aspiring dancers. In 1991 the Retired Senior Volunteer Program of the United Way presented him with an award for service at the South Richmond Senior Center. He died at his home in Richmond in 1995 and was cremated. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/trailblazers-2008" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2008</a> African American Trailblazers honoree, Library of Virginia. Bibliography Image Courtesy of The Valentine, Richmond Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Pleasants Crump Subject The topic of the resource African American Trailblazers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008 African American Trailblazers Honoree Description An account of the resource A self-taught dancer, Pleasants "Snowball" Crump performed for national and international audiences. Arts and Literature https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/d0a5369a142548fc893c74c4abc58baf.jpg 0d246b148f025946a08f1aa6c21dd65d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Great Depression and World War II Description An account of the resource Along with events such as the Revolutionary and Civil Wars and the Industrial Revolution, the Great Depression helped to shape modern-day America. The circumstances of the Great Depression enlarged the role of the government in the everyday life of Americans, particularly through FDR's New Deal initiative. World War II helped not only to bring the nation out of the Depression, but also put the United States on the world stage as a leader. Unlike previous administrations who subscribed to a certain level of isolationism, both FDR and Truman placed the United States on a path to strong involvement and leadership in worldwide conflicts and reform movements. Additionally, World War II changed the role of women who went into the workforce as American men went to war. Events such as the bombing at Pearl Harbor, liberation of concentration camps, and the use of atomic bombs provide images and stories that have helped to shape future American foreign policy. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1929-1945 Person An individual. Birth Date 1906 Birthplace Norfolk Death Date 1974 Occupation Educator and Civil Rights Advocate Biographical Text A plaintiff in a case challenging the disparate pay of African American and white teachers in Norfolk, Aline Elizabeth Black (March 23, 1906–August 22, 1974) was born in Norfolk and began working in the local school system as a science instructor in 1924. She attended Virginia Normal and Industrial Institute (later Virginia State University) while teaching and continued her education at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, where she received an M.S. in 1935. As an African American, Black received a substantially smaller salary than a comparably qualified white teacher. When the Norfolk Teachers Association and the Virginia State Teachers Association, together with the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, decided to challenge the double standard as a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, Black volunteered to be the plaintiff in the suit. Filed in the state circuit court in Norfolk in March 1939, the case was dismissed by the local court, and Black’s attorneys, among whom was Thurgood Marshall, filed an appeal. In June 1939 Black lost her teaching contract in retaliation for her suit against the school system. The Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals then denied the appeal on the grounds that Black was no longer an employee. Another Norfolk teacher, Melvin O. Alston, took Black’s place as plaintiff, and a new suit was filed. In November 1940 the Supreme Court of the United States upheld an appellate court’s ruling that teacher salaries fell under the protection of the Fourteenth Amendment. The Norfolk School Board then promised to raise the salaries of black teachers. In 1941 the Norfolk school board rehired Black and she resumed teaching science at Booker T. Washington High School. She remained there until 1970, when she became an instructional development specialist at Jacox Junior High School, retiring in 1973. She had married Frank A. Hicks during World War II, and they had one daughter. Black died in 1974 in Norfolk, where she was buried at Calvary Cemetery. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/trailblazers-2008" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2008</a> African American Trailblazers honoree, Library of Virginia. Bibliography Image Courtesy of the Library of Virginia. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Aline Black Subject The topic of the resource African American Trailblazers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008 African American Trailblazers Honoree Description An account of the resource Aline Black was a plaintiff in a case challenging the disparate pay of African American and white teachers in Norfolk. Civil Rights and Reform Education Government and Law https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/2c8e30aa360efaa6c8705bdf50c9f8b6.jpg 4e3113651e3c454aee4c1c17b34a4fd7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Postwar United States Description An account of the resource The era immediately following World War II brought about vast changes, not only in foreign policy, but in economics and a changing civic landscape. The liberalism of the New Deal era grew into movements towards increasing civil liberties and economic opportunities, particularly for minorities and women. Protests became more and more common to the average American as groups demanded equal rights and voting equality. These movements were juxtaposed with Jim Crow laws and the reemergence of the KKK, which showed the darker side of life in the American South. The Cold War pitted the United States and its allies in the newly formed NATO against the ever-increasing and expanding Soviet Union and its fellow Communist regimes, particularly China, Korea and Vietnam. While this era is considered Postwar, it is in fact a move towards a new type of war, where campaigns are fought not only on the battleground, but in the political arena and social consciousness as well, fueled strongly by the increasing influence of television news. The fall of the Nazi regime opened the door to the Iron Curtain and Soviet dominance of Eastern Europe, and the defeat of Japan opened previously invaded lands to the chance to choose new leaders, many of whom sided with the tenants of Communism over those of Capitalism. The United States would spend much of this time period combating the “Domino Effect” to try and stem the spread of Communism, particularly in its own hemisphere with Cuba. At the same time, the United States invested millions into Western Europe through the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan to halt the spread of Communism further west. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1945-1970s Person An individual. Birth Date 1888 Birthplace Petersburg Death Date 1985 Occupation Educator Biographical Text The daughter of a college professor and a school teacher, Edna Meade Colson (October 7, 1888–January 17, 1985) was born and educated in Petersburg and attended Fisk University’s normal school in Nashville, Tennessee. She taught for one year in North Carolina and then returned to Virginia as an instructor in the academic department at Virginia Normal and Industrial Institute (later Virginia State University) in Ettrick, across the Appomattox River from Petersburg. Colson received a B.A. from Fisk University in 1915, and she became an assistant in pedagogy at the Virginia Normal and Industrial Institute. Four years later she was appointed director of the new department of education. Colson guided the program as it grew into the school of education early in the 1950s. In the meantime, she attended Teachers College, Columbia University, and received a Ph.D. in 1940. Colson had to pursue her graduate work outside Virginia because there was no graduate education available to African Americans in the state’s segregated universities. Virginia State College for Negroes, as it had been renamed in 1923, began to offer graduate courses in the summer of 1937. Colson chaired the committee to implement the new program. Colson was among the first African American women to register to vote after ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment. A charter member of the Delta Omega chapter of the Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc., she received life memberships in both the American Teachers Association and the National Education Association. In 1950 Colson was the first black Virginia woman to become a life member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. The Virginia State Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs, Inc., named her "Woman of the Year" in 1958. Colson retired in 1953 from Virginia State College, as it was renamed in 1946 and died in a Colonial Heights nursing home in 1985. She was buried in Eastview Cemetery in Petersburg. Colson Auditorium in Harris Hall, erected in 1970 as headquarters of the education department, was named in her honor. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/trailblazers-2008" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2008</a> African American Trailblazers honoree, Library of Virginia. Bibliography Image Courtesy of the Library of Virginia. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Edna Meade Colson Subject The topic of the resource African American Trailblazers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008 African American Trailblazers Honoree Description An account of the resource Educator Edna Meade Colson strove to improve educational opportunities for African Americans in Virginia. Education https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/47d9ff479713ba01321d4d9c0841d4b5.jpg be13663767689ab9ba93761f8c398d4d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Great Depression and World War II Description An account of the resource Along with events such as the Revolutionary and Civil Wars and the Industrial Revolution, the Great Depression helped to shape modern-day America. The circumstances of the Great Depression enlarged the role of the government in the everyday life of Americans, particularly through FDR's New Deal initiative. World War II helped not only to bring the nation out of the Depression, but also put the United States on the world stage as a leader. Unlike previous administrations who subscribed to a certain level of isolationism, both FDR and Truman placed the United States on a path to strong involvement and leadership in worldwide conflicts and reform movements. Additionally, World War II changed the role of women who went into the workforce as American men went to war. Events such as the bombing at Pearl Harbor, liberation of concentration camps, and the use of atomic bombs provide images and stories that have helped to shape future American foreign policy. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1929-1945 Person An individual. Birth Date 1888 Birthplace Pulaski County Death Date 1952 Occupation Physician and Civil Rights Advocate Biographical Text Percy Casino Corbin (June 2, 1888–July 6, 1952) was born and raised in Athens, Texas, and received an M.D. in 1911 from the Leonard School of Medicine at Shaw University, in North Carolina. In 1913 he opened a medical practice in the town of Pulaski. His patients came from the black community, but over time his practice also attracted white clients. By 1921 he had organized the Pulaski Mutual Savings Society. In 1923, as partner in the Graham, Corbin and Lewis Concrete Block Manufacturing Company, Corbin erected the three-story Corbin Building. After the town’s Calfee Training School burned in 1938, Corbin enlisted the help of the school’s principal and representatives from the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People to petition the school board for a new facility and for equal pay for African American teachers. His letter to the local Southwest Times generated support from the white public and from local civic groups. The school board agreed to fund an elementary school but decided to transport black high school students to a school in Montgomery County. When Corbin’s youngest son was preparing to enter high school, Corbin decided to send him to Montgomery County. When he discovered that his son would not be able to use the library or participate in after-school activities because of the bus schedule, Corbin again sought legal assistance from the NAACP. Attorneys Oliver W. Hill, Martin A. Martin, and Spottswood William Robinson III filed suit in the United States District Court in Roanoke in December 1947, alleging that the school arrangement violated the Fourteenth Amendment. In Corbin et al. v. County School Board of Pulaski County, Virginia, et al. (1949), Judge Alfred Dickinson Barksdale ruled in the school board’s favor. On appeal, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit reversed the lower court’s decision. Corbin's victory was one of only six successful lawsuits supported by the NAACP in its legal campaign to equalize school facilities before Brown v. Board of Education (1954). Corbin died in 1952 in Detroit, Michigan, while visiting two of his sons and was buried in Pinehurst Cemetery in Pulaski. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/trailblazers-2008" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2008</a> African American Trailblazers honoree, Library of Virginia. Bibliography Image Courtesy of Shelley Corbin. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Percy Casino Corbin Subject The topic of the resource African American Trailblazers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008 African American Trailblazers Honoree Description An account of the resource Civil rights leader Percy Casino Corbin strove to bring equality to the school system in Pulaski, Virginia. Civil Rights and Reform Government and Law Science and Medicine https://www.lva.virginia.gov/collections/educator-resources/changemakers/files/original/7b6dad459dafa27a40556294c1b3e3fc.jpg 4b1fea0bbc59abc8e379d158bbaffb09 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Emergence of Modern America Description An account of the resource The idea of a “Modern United States” begins with the advent of the Progressive era. The Progressive movement focused on reforms they viewed as necessary after drastic increases in industrialization, immigration, urbanization and corruption in the business and political realms. One of the most successful reform movements of the time periods is the women’s suffrage movement. Other movements that gained traction on a new scale during this era were the labor movement, including the rise of unions, and the Harlem Renaissance and northward migration of the African American population. The time also saw a resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan in direct retaliation to increased immigration and shifting roles for African Americans. With all of the changes on the home front of America, this era also saw the emergence of the United States as a major world power. The Spanish-American War pitted the United States against a European power other than Great Britain for the first time, and battles spanned the Atlantic and Pacific. The war also led to the rise of Theodore Roosevelt, an increase in propaganda and marketing of a war, both through yellow journalism and war slogans and ephemera encouraging citizens to “Remember the Maine!” Soon after, the United States would come to find itself embroiled in World War I, despite strong isolationist tendencies. Along with a large death toll, World War I led to the development of the failed League of Nations, ultimately pushing the United States even further into an isolationist standing that would last for decades. The immediate postwar period of the “Roaring 20s” saw a domination in politics and economics by big business and its supporters, which would all come crashing down in less than a decade. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1890-1930 Person An individual. Birth Date 1865 Birthplace Hampton and Hanover County Death Date 1948 Occupation Educator Biographical Text Born and raised in Georgia, Janie Porter Barrett (August 9, 1865–August 27, 1948) was the daughter of an African American domestic servant and seamstress. Educated at Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute (later Hampton University), the first of the self-help training schools for freedpeople, Porter taught both in Georgia and at Hampton before marrying Harris Barrett, a fellow Hampton graduate, in 1889. They had four children. After settling in Hampton, Janie Porter Barrett was the impetus behind the Locust Street Social Settlement. Clubs and classes devoted to domestic and agricultural vocations met daily. Barrett encouraged children to play athletic games and worked to improve the community. When the settlement outgrew their own house, the Barretts built a clubhouse. In 1908 Barrett helped found the Virginia State Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs, and she served as its president until 1932. Convinced of the need for a home for what were then called wayward girls, Barrett challenged the federation to take up the cause. Gaining support from the National Association of Colored Women (NACW), Barrett had enlisted also the aid of some white Virginia women by 1913. The Virginia State Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs bought a farm in Hanover County north of Richmond. With the help of the General Assembly, the Industrial Home School for Colored Girls (later the Virginia Industrial School for Colored Girls) opened in January 1915. Barrett emphasized that it was a home rather than a prison and instituted a system of rewards instead of punishment. She taught the girls vocational skills to work as domestic servants or farm workers and strove to prevent the exploitation of former students by employers. In the 1920s Barrett took an active part in the Virginia Commission on Interracial Cooperation, the Richmond Urban League, and the NACW. She died in Hampton in 1948 and was buried there in Elmerton Cemetery. Two years after her death the General Assembly renamed the school she had founded the Janie Porter Barrett School for Girls. In 1977 the school became the Barrett Learning Center, for boys. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/trailblazers-2008" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2008</a> African American Trailblazers honoree, Library of Virginia. Bibliography Image Courtesy of the Library of Virginia. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Janie Porter Barrett Subject The topic of the resource African American Trailblazers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008 African American Trailblazers Honoree Description An account of the resource Civic leader and educator Janie Porter Barrett worked to improve the lives of African American women. Community Leadership and Philanthropy Education