26 10 377 https://www.lva.virginia.gov/events/exhibitions/online/oe/files/original/f04dd9c22c1c210e591ea5ff5de55bc3.jpg 747de9e26ace614b893eaddf9c42b17c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Liberty Protects the Marriage Altar: Detail from The Fifteenth Amendment, Celebrated May 19th, 1870 Subject The topic of the resource African Americans, marriage, family Description An account of the resource In this detail of his lithograph celebrating the ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment, James Carter Beard illustrated the ability of African Americans ability to marry legally, a right they had been forbidden under slavery. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource James Carter Beard Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Library of Virginia, Prints and Photographs Division Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Thomas Kelly Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1870-1871 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Library of Virginia Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource CC BY-SA Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPG Type The nature or genre of the resource lithograph Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 15th Amendment DET Marriage 13-1162-009 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant United States African Americans civil rights family https://www.lva.virginia.gov/events/exhibitions/online/oe/files/original/f5e26e6bb2559166844746829f7dfcf6.jpg 6871b9a618fa1f2432fdd1745e730712 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Freedom Unites the Family Circle: Detail from The Fifteenth Amendment, Celebrated May 19th, 1870 Subject The topic of the resource African Americans, family Description An account of the resource In this detail of his lithograph celebrating the ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment, James Carter Beard illustrated the ability of African Americans families to live together without facing the threat of separation as had been the case under slavery. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource James Carter Beard Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Library of Virginia, Prints and Photographs Division Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Thomas Kelly Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1870-1871 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Library of Virginia Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource CC BY-SA Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPG Type The nature or genre of the resource lithograph Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant United States Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 15th Amendment DET Family 13_1162_009 African Americans family https://www.lva.virginia.gov/events/exhibitions/online/oe/files/original/ff1df26791e851e05e892b55214121c1.JPG b0184320dcd3b846bc14c346fafdbb5b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource List of Male freed Negroes over the Age of 16 Subject The topic of the resource African Americans Description An account of the resource The first page of an alphabetized list of male freed men in New Kent County recording who had formerly owned them and how much tax they owed. Under Virginia law, males older than sixteen paid an annual poll tax. At that time, payment of a poll tax was not a requirement for being able to vote, and at that time, no African Americans in Virginia could vote. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands Records, 1866, New Kent County Court Records, Local Government Records Collection, Library of Virginia Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 1, 1866 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Library of Virginia Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource CC BY-SA Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPG Type The nature or genre of the resource Manuscript Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 14_0729_001 New Kent list Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant New Kent County, Virginia African Americans Freedmen's Bureau https://www.lva.virginia.gov/events/exhibitions/online/oe/files/original/9b69de56c0eeb74241e0a87f215a249c.JPG 0d908baf94c7641472889c788cb8f4c4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Headquarters District of South Eastern Virginia, Circular No. 6 Subject The topic of the resource African Americans Freedmen's Bureau, labor Description An account of the resource The Freedmen's Bureau also had responsibility for administering land (plantations) that white Southerners abandoned, although in Virginia that did not often happen. Nevertheless, many freedpeople believed that the property of their former owners would be confiscated and that each former slave would receive forty acres and a mule to enable them to become independent farmers. This notice that General Alfred H. Terry issued in November, 1865, was meant to counteract a belief that at the end of the year the Freedmen's Bureau would begin distributing free land to the freedpeople. Officers "will endeavor to meet and converse with those of the Freedmen who possess the greatest influence of their fellows" to correct the misunderstanding. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Alfred H. Terry Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Norfolk County Court Correspondence with the U.S. Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, 1865-1866, Local Government Records Collection, Norfolk County Court Records, Library of Virginia. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 9, 1865 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Library of Virginia Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource CC BY-SA Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPG Type The nature or genre of the resource Circular Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 14_0705_001 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Norfolk County; Southeastern Virginia African Americans Freedmen's Bureau https://www.lva.virginia.gov/events/exhibitions/online/oe/files/original/6f27e3b55ead6128166adc6f6dcd0562.JPG e05b003d66cf86c0f6a7b9bbae1dc67b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Circular letter to David May from Stuart Burns Subject The topic of the resource African Americans, Freedmen's Bureau, race relations Description An account of the resource The freedmen of Petersburg chose a man named David May to represent them to the Freedmen's Bureau "to adjudicate in all claims, or cases of difficulty arising between Whites and Freedmen, or between Negroes themselves." Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived John Hart, Collection of Confederate Letters and Receipts, 1860-1868. Acc. 20234, Personal Papers Collection, Library of Virginia Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 6, 1865 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Library of Virginia Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource CC BY-SA Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPG Type The nature or genre of the resource Printed form and manuscript Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 14_0499_011 Letter 1865 Nov Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Petersburg, Virginia African Americans Freedmen's Bureau https://www.lva.virginia.gov/events/exhibitions/online/oe/files/original/e02bc8f5bde117734c0b7643ae5866d1.JPG 2c61fc0227ee1f7545b69c4388d9cd44 https://www.lva.virginia.gov/events/exhibitions/online/oe/files/original/0dd0c453de46d9f7f438dc516aff2a78.JPG 8b7494faf6059fe2d62e8de66b82dbbe Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands, Circular No. 2 Subject The topic of the resource African Americans, Freedmen's Bureau, labor, education, race relations Description An account of the resource Major General Oliver O. Howard took command of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands in May 1865 and appointed commissioners for "the insurrectionary states." He ordered them to "introduce practical systems of compensated labor" and to aid existing benevolent associations " in the maintenance of good schools" for the freedpeople. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Oliver O. Howard Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Executive Papers of Governor Francis F. Pierpont, 1865-1868, Acc. 37024. State Government Records Collection, Library of Virginia Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource May 19, 1865 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Library of Virginia Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource CC BY-SA Relation A related resource Finding aid to Executive Papers of Governor Francis F. Pierpont: http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=lva/vi00006.xml Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPG Type The nature or genre of the resource Circular Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 15_0707_003_, 15_0707_003a_ Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Virginia https://www.lva.virginia.gov/events/exhibitions/online/oe/files/original/7c41f4080cd7c2c127dae63ba43b2a45.jpg a7015c33bad39f134d53d4a79fc09dba https://www.lva.virginia.gov/events/exhibitions/online/oe/files/original/90a4fa24ac80a520348c1b3edb961037.pdf 1a6371f50bc10ac12dafd57b11c9f07b Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document REGULATIONS FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF FREEDMAN’S VILLAGE, GREENE HEIGHTS, ARLINGTON, VA., AND THE GOVERNMENT FARMS, MECHANICAL SHOPS, HOSPITALS, HOMES, SCHOOLS, &c., CONNECTED THEREWITH The Superintendent of Freedmen, under the direction of Lieut. Col. Elias M. Greene, Chief Quartermaster Department of Washington, shall have the charge of the interests of Freedman’s Village, and the contrabands on the various Government farms. Contrabands upon their arrival at camp, shall be immediately put in a cleanly condition, provided with comfortable clothing, rations, and the best quarters which can be assigned them. The Superintendent of Contrabands will, without delay, select the most intelligent of the young men and women, and assign them to duty in the workshops; have the able-bodied field hands transferred to the Superintendent of Government farms; send the children to school; the sick to hospital; and the aged and infirm to the home provided for them. Those able to labor will have the clothing furnished to them charged against their earnings. ACCOUNTS AND REPORTS. <ol><li>A book shall be provided, in which the names of each contraband arriving and departing at the camps shall be registered, with age, sex, condition in life, and former place of residence of such contraband, the condition of each person on arrival, and the places to which those who leave the village, or farms, intend to go, and the date of their departure; also the diseases, ages, &c., of those who die.</li> <li>An abstract of these facts shall be made by the Superintendent of Contrabands, in his monthly report to the Chief Quartermaster.</li> <li>All complaints against the freedmen shall be made in writing to the said Superintendent, and the same shall be placed on file for the inspecting of the Chief Quartermaster.</li> <li>The Superintendent shall keep a debit and credit account with each and every contraband who works upon the Government farms, or in the workshops, debiting him, or her, with whatever he, or she, receives, either clothes, rations, quarters, or fuel, for himself or herself, and non-laboring members of his or her family, and crediting him, or her, with the number of days labor in each month, and statement where rendered; a summary statement of such account to be reported to the Chief Quartermaster of the Department monthly, with such suggestions and recommendations as the said Superintendent may deem it advisable to make. He will also make weekly reports of all stores, tools, materials, and other property received, issued, and expended under his direction, according to printed forms, which will be furnished by the Chief Quartermaster–calling particular attention by a red-ink note to any supplies or materials likely to become exhausted in fifteen days, or less.</li> <li>The Superintendent of Government farms will report to the Chief Quartermaster weekly the time made by all employees, designating them as white, or colored, and, if colored, as man, woman, or child, and stating how employed, whether in farming or otherwise.</li> <li> The farmer in charge of each farm shall obey the instructions of the Superintendent of Government farms, and make such reports as are required by him from time to time.</li> </ol>HOSPITALS AND HOME. <ol><li>The hospital will be under the charge of the Surgeon, or Surgeons, assigned to that duty by the Medical Director of the Department of Washington, who will make proper regulations for the Government of the same.</li> <li>The superintendent of contrabands will keep on hand such necessary supplies, not furnished by the medical department, as may, in the opinion of the surgeon, be necessary for the care and comfort of the sick and infirm in the hospitals and home, and for the burial of the dead; and will make such reports in regard to said supplies, and take such precautions against their being exhausted as has been above prescribed in reference to other property and supplies.</li> </ol> LABOR. <ol><li> The labor on each farm shall be under the direct supervision of the farmer in charge of the same, subject to the discretion of the superintendent of Government farms.</li> <li>All the able-bodied men and women will be required to labor each day, either on the farms or in one of the mechanical shops, as their services may be required.</li> <li>All persons who would excuse themselves on the plea of disability must furnish to the superintendent a written declaration to that effect from the surgeon in charge.</li> <li>The hours of labor shall be, during the winter months, from 7, a.m., to 12 noon, and from 1 to 5, p.m.; from 7, a.m., to 12 noon, and from 1 to 6, p.m., in summer.</li> <li>In case able-bodied men or women refuse to work, their cases shall be promptly reported to the superintendent by the overseers of labor, who shall take such steps as will insure obedience to regulations.</li> </ol>SCHOOL. <ol><li>The educational and religious interests of the village shall be under the supervision of the American Tract Society. Their schools shall be conducted by proper teachers for children under 14 years of age, in day time opening 10 a.m., and closing as 12 noon; recommencing at 1 p.m., and closing at 4 p.m. No child under the age of fourteen years shall be detained from school, during the winter months, unless in case of sickness.</li> <li>An adult evening school shall be opened, for the benefit of the laborers on the farms and in the mechanical shops. The teachers shall require of each boy over 16, or girl over 14, a permit from the Superintendent, before he or she can be admitted to the day school; nor shall the Superintendent give such permit while their services are required in the labor department.</li> <li>No child old enough to be benefitted by school instruction will be permitted to absent himself or herself therefrom, without a written pass from the Superintendent of Contrabands; and in case a child is found out of school during school hours, without such pass, the guard will arrest and take the delinquent to school.</li> <li>The Superintendent of Contrabands will embody in his monthly report a statement of the condition of the schools, the number of pupils admitted and dismissed during the month, the average attendance, and such other information, statistical and otherwise, as it may, in his judgment, be necessary to communicate to the Chief Quartermaster.</li> </ol>POLICE REGULATIONS. <ol><li>The camps and village shall be daily policed and inspected, under the direction of the Superintendent of Contrabands.</li> <li>Inspection reports shall be submitted to the Chief Quartermaster by the said Superintendent, with his regular monthly report.</li> <li>The buildings and other public property must be kept in good order, and not defaced; and no injury to the walks, enclosures, or shrubbery will be allowed.</li> <li>Proper precautions must be taken to remove filth from the vicinity of the camps; and any accumulation, likely, in the opinion of the surgeon in charge, to endanger the health of the occupants, will subject the person responsible for such accumulation to instant dismissal.</li> <li>Inmates of the camps, who have voluntarily left the same for service outside, will not be re-admitted, without submitting to the Superintendent evidence that they have been treated cruelly or unjustly by their employer or employers, or that they have been defrauded, or that there is an intention to defraud them, out of their earnings.</li> </ol> PUNISHMENTS. <ol><li>Punishments shall be of three grades: In mild offences it shall be a reproof from the officer in charge of the delinquent; in cases of idleness or disposition to shrink from labor, or untidiness or uncleanliness in person or habitation, the one so offending shall be deprived of his or her ration of sugar for the next five days, and also be deprived of all passes from the camp during that time.</li> <li>In case a person refused obedience to orders, or is guilty of drunkenness, or theft, or any gross offence, the person so offending shall be tried by a commission, consisting of the Superintendent, the Captain commanding the guard detachment, the Superintendent of the Educational and Religious interests, and the Surgeon in charge, and such a punishment administered as the said commission shall designate, of deprivation of privileges, fine, or imprisonment in guardhouse, after the sentence has been submitted to the Chief Quartermaster of the Department of Washington, for his approval.</li> <li>No brutality or violence towards the inmates of the camp will be allowed, and no punishment administered, except as provided for above.</li> </ol> These REGULATIONS will be posted in conspicuous places about the Village, Farms, and Camps, and no person subject to the same will be allowed to plead ignorance of them, in excuse of misconduct. VISITORS MUST BE TREATED WITH COURTESY AND ATTENTION. ELIAS M. GREEN, Lt. Col., Chief Quartermaster Dep’t of Washington. PHILP & SOLOMONS, Printers and Stationers, Washington D. C. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Broadside Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Regulations for the Government of Freedman's Village, Greene Heights, Arlington, Va. Subject The topic of the resource African Americans, self-emancipation Description An account of the resource In 1863, Elias M. Greene, chief quartermaster of the military department of Washington, D.C., established a community for some of the many freedpeople who escaped slavery during the Civil War. This broadside printed the regulations for the government of the Freedman's Village at Greene Heights, on the grounds of Robert E. Lee's plantation, Arlington House. Anyone arriving at the camp was given "comfortable clothing, rations, and the best quarters which can be assigned them." Men and women were assigned to "duty in the workshops,"any "able-bodied field hands" were sent to government farms, children were sent to school, the sick were sent to the hospital on site, and those too old to work were given housing. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Elias M. Greene Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Boston Public Library-Rare Books Department Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Washington, D. C.: Philp & Solomons, Printers and Stationers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource ca. 1863 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Courtesy of the Trustees of the Boston Public Library-Rare Books Department Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource CC BY-SA Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPG Type The nature or genre of the resource Broadside Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context BPL Freedmens Village Regulations Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Arlington, Virginia https://www.lva.virginia.gov/events/exhibitions/online/oe/files/original/975f73ffe56a1f7d3f86dfca29ce5410.jpg bff19933e3cf4865fd34d93608672e78 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Freedman's Village-Greene Heights Arlington Va. Subject The topic of the resource African Americans, self-emancipation Description An account of the resource Throughout the Civil War thousands of enslaved men, women, and children attained their freedom by seeking refuge with United States troops as they moved across Virginia. They were declared "contraband of war" in May 1861 and Freedmen's Villages grew up in various locations, including this one near Robert E. Lee's home, Arlington House. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Alfred R. Waud Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division (LC-DIG-ppmsca-21425) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 1864 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Courtesy of Library of Congress Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource CC BY-SA Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPG Type The nature or genre of the resource Drawing on paper Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Freedmens Village Greene Heights_LC 21425v Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Arlington, Virginia https://www.lva.virginia.gov/events/exhibitions/online/oe/files/original/e75ae731a4a538a941cb72875a8f6b22.pdf 9a809f2726f37b80d2e55f4b8d1e4046 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document Excerpt of John C. Underwood's testimony before a Congressional committee: When I was holding court at Richmond recently, I had a conversation with one of the leading men in that city, and he said to me that the enlistment of negro troops by the United States was the turning-point of the rebellion; that it was the heaviest blow they ever received. He remarked that when the negroes deserted their masters, and showed a general disposition to do so and join the forces of the United States, intelligent men everywhere saw that the matter was ended. I have often heard a similar expression of opinion from others, and I am satisfied that the origin of this bitterness towards the negro is this belief among leading men that their weight thrown into the scale decided the contest against them. However the fact may be, I think that such is a pretty well settled conclusion among leading rebels in Virginia. <div> </div> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Excerpt of Testimony of Federal Judge John C. Underwood Subject The topic of the resource African Americans, military service, race relations Description An account of the resource A joint Congressional committee was appointed in 1865 to determine whether the former Confederate states were entitled to have representation in Congress. More than one hundred witnesses testified early in 1866 about the situations in the four military districts established after the Civil War. Federal judge and Alexandria resident John C. Underwood testified on January 31, 1866, about the attitudes of Virginians in the months after the war. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource John C. Underwood Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, at the First Session Thirty-Ninth Congress, 2 vols. (1866), 2:8 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 31, 1866 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Library of Virginia Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource CC BY-SA Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Type The nature or genre of the resource bound volume Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Underwood testimony_1866_transcription.pdf Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Richmond, Virginia African Americans military service race relations https://www.lva.virginia.gov/events/exhibitions/online/oe/files/original/63e7956a3724802d30e89c548a239ffe.JPG 1b917a20814f6fd025d00f54c941f731 https://www.lva.virginia.gov/events/exhibitions/online/oe/files/original/9661b3cb906030658aa397ddce46d56c.pdf 7e675895a86e184fd865bf367ca4c50b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Petition of Residents of Lunenburg County to Governor Francis H. Pierpont Subject The topic of the resource African Americans, military service, race relations Description An account of the resource For several months after the end of the war, the army stationed soldiers, including African Americans, throughout Virginia to enforce the Emancipation Proclamation and protect the freedpeople. White Lunenburg County residents petitioned Governor Pierpont to remove the African American troops who had been quartered at the county seat, because their presence was "repugnant and humiliating to our feelings," and they feared the troops would have an "improper and injurious influence on our former Slaves." Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lunenburg County residents Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Executive Papers of Governor Francis H. Pierpont, 1865–1868, Accession 37024, Library of Virginia Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource undated, ca. 1865 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Library of Virginia Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource CC BY-SA Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPG Type The nature or genre of the resource manuscript Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 15_0707_006_, Lunenburg County Petition_1865_transcription.pdf Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Lunenburg County, Virginia Relation A related resource <a title="Pierpont Papers" href="http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=lva/vi00006.xml" target="_blank">Finding aid</a> to Executive Papers of Governor Francis F. Pierpont. African Americans military service race relations