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                <text>"Celebration" and "Grand Celebration in Norfolk"</text>
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                <text>On January 1, 1866, the third anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation, African Americans in Hampton and Norfolk celebrated their freedom with parades, speakers, a reading of the proclamation, and a feast. The &lt;em&gt;True Southerner&lt;/em&gt;, a radical newspaper established in 1865 by former United States Army officer David B. White, published accounts of the celebrations.</text>
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                <text>Hampton &lt;em&gt;True Southerner&lt;/em&gt;, January 4, 1866</text>
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                <text>&lt;em&gt;True Southerner&lt;/em&gt;</text>
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Hampton and Norfolk, Virginia</text>
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                <text>Notice!  The coloured people of the city of Richmond would most respectfully inform the public, that they do not intend to celebrate the failure of the Southern </text>
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                <text>Newspapers reported that about 20,000 African Americans turned out on April 3, 1866, to celebrate their emancipation in a parade from the fairgrounds to Capitol Square. Although many white Richmonders had expressed anger at the celebration, African Americans attempted to calm their fears by issuing this notice of their intent to celebrate their freedom and not the city's fall.</text>
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                <text>C. Harris, J. Cocks, J. Edmunds, F.J. Smith, N. Williams</text>
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                <text>Courtesy of the Virginia Historical Society</text>
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Richmond, Virginia</text>
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                <text>African Americans cheered as Abraham Lincoln toured the city of Richmond a day after it had been liberated by the United States Army in April 1865.</text>
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                <text>Joseph Becker</text>
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                <text>Paul Fleury Mottelay, ed., &lt;em&gt;The Soldier in our Civil War a Pictorial History of the Conflict, 1861–1865,Illustrating the Valor of the Soldier as Displayed on the Battle-Field&lt;/em&gt; (1886)</text>
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                <text>New York: G. W. Carleton &amp; Company</text>
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Richmond, Virginia</text>
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                <text>Freedom to Slaves!</text>
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                <text>Brigadier General Robert Huston Milroy (1816&amp;ndash;1890), commanding the United States Army units then posted in Winchester, pronounced the Emancipation Proclamation in effect, thereby freeing all enslaved Virginians in Winchester and Frederick County.</text>
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                <text>January 5, 1863</text>
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Winchester, Frederick County, Virginia</text>
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                <text>Emancipation</text>
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                <text>Thomas Nast drew these scenes as illustrations for &lt;em&gt;Harper's Weekly&lt;/em&gt; on January 24, 1863, three weeks after Abraham Lincoln signed his Emancipation Proclamation. This later lithograph was a slightly altered depiction with a portrait of Lincoln in the bottom center. Nast reissued the lithograph in 1865 to celebrate the end of the Civil War. The central scene shows a comfortable domestic view, anticipating a happy future for free people. On the left, slavery-era scenes depict escaping slaves pursued through a swamp, a family torn apart on the auction block, and punishments of a woman being whipped and a man being branded. Juxtaposed on the right depicting postemancipation scenes, a couple sits outside a cabin, the man playing a banjo; children happily leave home for school; and African Americans are paid wages. Yet, a small scene shows African Americans field-workers deferentially removing their hats for a white man on a horse, who tips his hat to them. Even in a world of freedmen, African Americans were relegated to agricultural work and a lower position than that of white people.</text>
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                <text>Philadelphia: S. Bott</text>
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                <text>ca. 1865</text>
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            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5456">
                <text>Paige Buchbinder</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5457">
                <text>2014</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="37">
            <name>Contributor</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5458">
                <text>Library of Virginia</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5459">
                <text>CC BY_SA</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="42">
            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5460">
                <text>jpg</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5461">
                <text>Still image</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="5462">
                <text>15_0377_038</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
  </item>
</itemContainer>
