Lewis Burwell (1651 or 1652–19 December 1710), planter, was born probably in Gloucester County, the only child of Lewis Burwell (1622–1652) and Lucy Higginson Burwell. Less than a year after his father's death, his mother married William Bernard, a member of the governor's Council, with whom she had three children before he died on 31 March 1665. By November 1667 she had married Philip Ludwell, who became a councillor eight years later and with whom she had two children. Burwell thus grew up as part of a politically prominent, wealthy, and extended family. About 1674 he married Abigail Smith, the niece and heir of Nathaniel Bacon (1620–1692), who was also a councillor. They had four sons and six daughters before her death on 12 November 1692. Sometime between 4 March 1694 and 21 November 1695 Burwell married Martha Lear Cole, daughter of John Lear, who had served on the Council, and widow of William Cole, yet another councillor. They probably had two sons and three daughters.
Burwell made good use of the connections he gained through the profitable marriages of his mother and greatly enlarged the fortune he had inherited from his father. Already related to the powerful Ludwell family, he saw his sons and daughters marry into the Armistead, Bassett, Berkeley, Carter, and Harrison families. By the 1690s the marriage alliances were no longer one-sided. In six of the seven counties in which he paid taxes in 1704, Burwell was one of the largest landowners, and in Charles City County he owned 8,000 acres, more than any other person. He paid taxes on 26,650 acres that year and was one of the wealthiest men in Virginia. His son Nathaniel Burwell (1680–1721) lived until his death at Fairfield, the striking brick mansion that Burwell had built in the 1690s on Carter's Creek in Gloucester County; another son, Lewis Burwell (d. 1743), lived at Kingsmill, part of the former Bacon estate in James City County; and his daughter Lucy Burwell was the object of a renowned and turbulent courtship by Francis Nicholson, but she spurned the governor and married Edmund Berkeley (d. ca. 1719), of Barn Elms in Middlesex County.
Burwell was a popular member of Tidewater Virginia society, and his name appears regularly in the diary of William Byrd (1674–1744). Burwell became a militia major, a governor, or trustee, of the College of William and Mary, and a trustee of the city of Williamsburg. His name is not included on any extant list of justices of the peace, but a man of his stature would normally have served on the county court, and the loss of most of the Gloucester County records makes it impossible to rule this service out. In 1698 Burwell served a single term in the House of Burgesses, where he sat on the Committee for Propositions and Grievances. Membership on the governor's Council was the highest office to which a Virginian could then realistically aspire, and it usually marked a man or his family as having reached the pinnacle of Virginia society. On 5 September 1700 the Privy Council appointed Burwell to the Council, but on 13 October 1701 he wrote to the Board of Trade and citing his poor health, but perhaps also believing that his strained relationship with Nicholson would make membership on the Council unpleasant, asked to be excused from service. On 14 May 1702 the Privy Council accepted the Board of Trade's recommendation that Burwell's appointment as councillor be withdrawn, and he consequently never served.
Burwell was the central figure in the rise of a prominent Virginia family. By concentrating on acquiring land and pursuing family connections, he became one of the wealthiest men of his time and maximized his descendants' ability to succeed. Among the many evidences of his prosperity was his donation of a lavish set of communion silver to Abingdon Parish. Lewis Burwell died at his plantation on King's Creek in York County on 19 December 1710. He was buried at Fairfield in Gloucester County, but his remains were later moved to Abingdon Church.
Sources Consulted: John L. Blair, "The Rise of the Burwells," Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 72 (1964): 312–329; age given as forty-one in 16 Sept. 1693 deposition, Public Record Office, London, C 22/1003, fol. 1, cited in National Genealogical Society Quarterly 70 (1982): 41; Everard Kidder Meade, "The Children of Major Lewis Burwell II, of Gloucester County in the Ancient Colony of Virginia," Proceedings of the Clarke County Historical Association 4 (1944): 5–28; Thomas Tileston Waterman and John A. Barrows, Domestic Colonial Architecture of Tidewater Virginia (1932), 30–35; Francis Nicholson Papers, 1680–1721, Colonial Williamsburg; Public Record Office, London, Colonial Office 391/13, fol. 204, Colonial Office 391/15, fol. 200, and Lewis Burwell to Board of Trade, 13 Oct. 1701, Colonial Office 5/1312, pt. 1, fols. 105–106; Louis B. Wright and Marion Tinling, eds., The Secret Diary of William Byrd of Westover, 1709–1712 (1941), esp. 275 (reference to funeral on 23 Dec. 1710); will in York Co. Orders, Wills, Etc., 14, pt. 1, 60–64; death date on gravestone inscription, printed in William and Mary Quarterly, 1st ser., 2 (1894): 221.