Willis Augustus Hodges (12 February 1815–24 September 1890), member of the Convention of 1867–1868, was born in Princess Anne County and was the son of Charles Augustus Hodges and his second wife, Julia Nelson Willis Hodges, both free African Americans of mixed-race ancestry. The Hodges family was one of the more prosperous of the numerous free Black families in Princess Anne County (later the city of Virginia Beach). Hodges's father purchased three farms and his own father's freedom. He also arranged for private tutors to teach his children how to read and write, although in the case of Willis Hodges the tutoring lasted only a few months. Hodges boasted during the convention that one of his grandfathers had fought under the command of General George Washington during the American Revolution. His younger brother Charles E. Hodges and his nephew John Quincy Hodges both later served in the House of Delegates.
Willis Hodges's older brother William Johnson Hodges may have employed his ability to write to forge free papers for enslaved people and in 1829 he was convicted of forgery. William Johnson Hodges escaped from jail and eventually settled in Brooklyn, New York, which led their father to send Willis Hodges there to look for suitable farm land to buy in order to move the family away from the violence to which both free and enslaved African Americans were vulnerable. Not liking the land he inspected in New York and disappointed by how free African Americans were treated there, Hodges recommended to his father that the family remain in Virginia and he returned to Princess Anne County.
He worked for a time as a laborer on the Dismal Swamp Canal, where he was disgusted by the violence against African American laborers and resolved to return to New York. Before leaving, in March 1836 Hodges registered as a free man in order to have documentation of his status. His registration recorded that he was five feet, six and a half inches tall, had a light complexion, bushy hair, and a scar above his left eye. Hodges moved back to Brooklyn, where for a time he lived with and operated a grocery with his brother. He sought to improve his reading and writing skills with antislavery tracts and newspapers. In 1837 he was baptized at the Abyssinian Baptist church and later ministered at a local church. By 1840 Hodges purchased a farm in Williamsburgh (later part of Brooklyn). The following year he spearheaded the establishment of a school there and was a founder of a local Union Temperance Benevolent Society. Early in the 1840s he attended conventions of African Americans in Albany, Troy, Utica, and Syracuse.
Hodges still visited Virginia for extended stays and on one occasion in June 1838 he had purchased for one dollar a one-hundred-acre farm from his father. Following his father's death, Hodges returned to Virginia in January 1844 with the intention of settling permanently and running the family farm. Hodges's hostility to slavery was well-known in Princess Anne County and in December he was accused of preaching antislavery sermons. He and his brother Charles E. Hodges were arrested for disturbing the peace, but for lack of evidence the county court discharged them without a trial.
Harassment from local whites spurred him to leave Virginia once again in February 1845. He moved back to Brooklyn, survived an attack of smallpox, and in 1847 formed a partnership with Thomas Van Rensselaer to found a weekly antislavery newspaper, the Ram's Horn. Hodges raised the money by whitewashing houses. Their partnership lasted about eighteen months, but only one issue of the paper survives. During that time and because of the newspaper Hodges attracted the favorable attention of abolitionist John Brown, with whom he became friends and exchanged letters. During the 1840s and 1850s Hodges and his brother William Johnson Hodges also participated in African American political organizations.
Following the dissolution of the Ram's Horn partnership Hodges moved to an antislavery settlement abolitionist Gerrit Smith supported in Franklin County, New York, near the Canadian border. Hodges lived there for about five years and probably participated in helping people who escaped from slavery flee to freedom in Canada. He also wrote an autobiography and dated it 12 February 1849, his thirty-fourth birthday. Hodges married Sarah Ann Corprew Gray, in New York in 1853. She had been born into slavery in Princess Anne County but was a free widow at the time of their marriage. They initially lived in Brooklyn and had at least two sons and two daughters. In 1854 he was ordained a minister in the Apostolic Church of New York.
Hodges may have known in advance about John Brown's plan to seize the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry in October 1859, and if so he might have approved. Long before then Hodges had concluded that because enslaved people could not always count on sympathetic white people, it was the right and duty of African Americans to fight for their freedom. He returned to Virginia once or twice during the Civil War and may have guided United States troops in the counties of Princess Anne and Norfolk (later the city of Chesapeake). He and his brother Charles E. Hodges organized a meeting in the latter's Brooklyn church in August 1864 to protest a plan to bring freed women and children to New York because they were to be employed as servants. Sent to Norfolk in September 1864 to investigate the issue, Hodges was appalled by the poor condition of the former slaves and worked to improve their situation, but military leaders soon ordered him to leave the city.
It is unclear exactly when Hodges moved back to Virginia permanently. William Johnson Hodges preceded him and with his radical antislavery reputation was elected the first president of the Colored Monitor Union Club of Norfolk in February 1865. In the summer of 1867 Willis Hodges successfully applied to the army's Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands (generally known as the Freedmen's Bureau) for permission to open a school in Princess Anne County and also became active in Republican Party politics. He was a vice president of the April and August 1867 state conventions of radical Republicans and attended the December 1867 party convention. On 22 October 1867, in the first election in which African Americans voted in the state, Hodges won election to represent Princess Anne County in the convention called to write a new constitution for Virginia. He received 807 votes, all from African Americans. His nearest competitor, a white man, received 609 votes, all but 1 from white men.
The convention met in the Capitol in Richmond from 3 December 1867 through 17 April 1868. Hodges was undoubtedly the most widely known of the twenty-four African American members. Few or none of the others was well-known outside his local community or in the communities in free states where a few of them had lived. That is almost certainly why the illustration of the convention in session in the Capitol that was published in the nationally circulated Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper on 15 February 1868 featured Hodges front and center, facing the illustrator and with his back toward the convention floor. The image clearly shows the prominent eye glasses he then wore. Newspaper reports often referred to him then and thereafter as Specs Hodges or Old Specs Hodges, and they sometimes confused him with his brother William Johnson Hodges and incorrectly stated that the convention delegate was a convicted felon.
The incomplete official record of the debates, which abruptly ends on 29 January 1868, discloses that Hodges was one of the most active and vocal of the African American members. He voted for all the radical democratic reforms the delegates included in the new constitution. Hodges served on the Committee on Education and the Funds Relating Thereto, which reported the draft of Article VIII that required the General Assembly to create the state's first system of free public schools for all children. He voted for a motion to prohibit racial segregation in the new schools, but it failed to pass.
Hodges repeatedly demanded equal treatment for all citizens of Virginia regardless of race, but he denounced former Confederates and voted to ban them from voting and holding office, in part because he believed that some of them had cheated poor freedmen or tried to prevent them from voting for radical Republican candidates for the convention. He also spoke on behalf of tax laws that freedmen could easily understand and tax rates they could afford to pay. During discussions of the work of the Freedmen's Bureau, Hodges acknowledged that some bureau agents had done good work but that others had abused freedpeople. "I think the only and the true way in which we can benefit these people," he explained in January, "is to go to work here and make a good Constitution as quick as we can, giving everybody equal rights, and giving provision in that Constitution by which the State shall take care of her own people. When we have adopted that Constitution then we can take away this Freedmen's Bureau. It is odious to me, and I am sorry that such a thing is necessary. The quicker we can get rid of it the better I will be pleased." Hodges also introduced a resolution, which did not pass, that he hoped would benefit poor and landless people, "That all woodland, swamps, marshes, creeks, rivers, lakes and bays in this State shall be free for all persons to hunt, gun or fish on or in, as the case may be, provided they do not destroy any private property in so doing."
In July 1869 Hodges ran for the Senate of Virginia from the district consisting of the county of Princess Anne and the city of Norfolk, but he received only 816 votes of more than 5,500 cast. As was often the case in the 1860s, the Princess Anne County poll as reported in the Richmond Daily Dispatch, confused him with his brother William Johnson Hodges. At that same election, his brother Charles E. Hodges won a seat in the House of Delegates as one of three representatives from the district of Norfolk County and Portsmouth, and his nephew John Quincy Hodges won election to the House of Delegates from Princess Anne County. Although defeated for the Senate in 1869, Willis Hodges won election in 1870 to the county board of supervisors and was a justice of the peace for the Kempsville district in 1874. The office of justice of the peace was not an influential one as it had been in previous centuries, and he did not preside over a court of record. In the summer of 1870 he was the keeper at the Cape Henry lighthouse, possibly the first African American to hold the post there, and in the autumn of 1871 he became a night inspector in the Norfolk customs district.
Hodges attended several Republican Party conventions and rallies during the following decade. He narrowly lost in November 1871 when he ran to succeed his nephew as the delegate from Princess Anne County, he came in a distant second in a three-man race for the seat in 1875, and in his last recorded campaign for office lost a third campaign for the seat in 1877. Meantime, early in 1876 after the man who defeated Hodges in 1875 resigned from the House of Delegates, Hodges's son Augustus Michael Hodges reportedly ran for the seat and claimed to have won but had been cheated out of the victory. The young man then moved to New York where under the pen name "B. Square" he had a successful career as a writer and journalist.
In December 1878 following a disturbance on election day, Hodges and another man were arrested, but they agreed to leave the state if the charges were dropped. He resided for a few years in Brooklyn and was active in Republican politics, but sometime in the 1880s he moved back to Virginia. Willis Augustus Hodges died of heart failure on 24 September 1890, reportedly in Norfolk but perhaps at his residence in nearby Princess Anne County. The place of his burial is not recorded.
Sources Consulted: Willard B. Gatewood Jr., ed., Free Man of Color: The Autobiography of Willis Augustus Hodges (1982), with frontispiece portrait and self-reported birth date on 4, 5; Richard Lowe, "Willis Augustus Hodges, 'We Are Now Coming to New Things,'" in The Human Tradition in the Civil War and Reconstruction, ed. Steven E. Woodworth (2000), 213–223; Luther Porter Jackson, Negro Office-Holders in Virginia, 1865–1895 (1945); family information, including copies and transcriptions, in Nelson-Hodges Papers (1773–1936), Genealogical Vertical Files, Brooklyn Historical Society, Brooklyn, N.Y.; Register of Free Negroes and Mulattoe's [sic] in the County of Princess Anne, (according to Law), 1830–1862, entry no. 372; Princess Anne Co. Minute Book 34:220; references in Records of the Field Offices for the State of Virginia (1865–1872), Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, Record Group 105, M1913, National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Washington, D.C., including George White to D. H. Remington, 7 Aug. 1867 (Roll 138), Remington to Willis A. Hodges, 5 Aug. 1867 (Roll 137), 27 Jan. 1868 (Roll 135), Willis A. Hodges to Remington, 5 Aug. 1867 (Roll 137), and Hodges's April 1866 testimony in Julia Hodges v. James Bonney, enclosed in Thomas P. Jackson to A. S. Flagg 10 Apr. 1866, Records of the Field Offices for the State of Virginia (1865–1872), Norfolk Subdivision, Letters Received, March–June 1866 (Roll 141); signature on 14 Dec. 1841 petition to House of Representatives, Records of the U. S. House of Representatives, Record Group 233, HR27A-H1.6, NARA; Journal of the Constitutional Convention of the State of Virginia [1868]; Debates and Proceedings of the Constitutional Convention of the State of Virginia (1868), first quotation on 639, second quotation on 673; Richard G. Lowe, "Virginia's Reconstruction Convention: General Schofield Rates the Delegates," Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 80 (1972): 353, incorrectly identifying Hodges as illiterate; Richard L. Hume, "The Membership of the Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1867–1868: A Study of the Beginnings of Congressional Reconstruction in the Upper South," Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 86 (1978): 482; Secretary of the Commonwealth, Election Records, 1776–1941, no. 427 (1867 election), no. 3 (1871 election), no. 29 (1875 election), and no. 13 (1877 election), Record Group 13, State Government Records Collection, Library of Virginia; 1869 election return in General Orders and Circulars, Headquarters First Military District, 1869 (1870), "Summary of the result of the election for members of the State Senate of Virginia, held on the 6th day of July, 1869," 10; I. Garland Penn, The Afro-American Press, and Its Editors (1891), 61–65; political activity reported in Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 25 Apr. 1846, 29 Sept. 1858, 5 Jan. 1860, 11 Aug. 1864; caricature portrait in Richmond Southern Opinion, 21 Dec. 1867; obituaries in Boston Herald, 26 Sept. 1890 and New York Sun, 26 Sept. 1890 (with death date).
Image: convention engraving in Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper 25 (15 Feb. 1868): 345.