Dictionary of Virginia Biography: Source list

• Birth and death dates on gravestone, Cedarwood Cemetery, Edinburg, Virginia
• Harrison Holt Riddleberger Papers, Earl Gregg Swem Library, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia
• Compiled Service Records of Confederate Soldiers (1861–1865), War Department Collection of Confederate Records, Record Group 109, National Archives and Records Administration
• Shenandoah County Marriage Register, Bureau of Vital Statistics, Record Group 36, Library of Virginia
• Riddleberger Act in Acts and Joint Resolutions Passed by the General Assembly of the State of Virginia during the Session of 1881–82 (1882), 88–98
• Riddleberger, “Bourbonism in Virginia,” North American Review 134 (1882): 416–428

• Howson White Cole III, "Harrison Holt Riddleberger, Readjuster" (M.A. thesis, University of Virginia, 1952), noting on p.2 that the family Bible record of his birth was smudged at the time of writing, leaving Riddleberger uncertain whether he was born in 1843 or 1844
• John W. Wayland, A History of Shenandoah County, Virginia (1927), 554–556

• Biographical sketch in Woodstock Virginian, December 23, 1881 (with variant birth date of October 4, 1844)
• Interview with Riddleberger in the New York Herald, November 11, 1883

• Shenandoah Herald, January 31, 1890

• Letters from Clementina van Grierson to Augusta Smith, October 30, 1756, and Mrs. Jacobs, October 31, 1756, in Public Record Office, High Court of Admiralty 30/258, National Archives, Kew, Eng. (available on Virginia Colonial Records Project microfilm at Library of Virginia).
• Virginia Gazette (Rind), esp. September 2, 1773 (second quotation); September 23, 1773 (first quotation); December 30, 1773; April 14, 1774 (third quotation); August 25, 1774.
• William Rind's estate inventory and sale recorded in York County Wills and Inventories, Book 22, 197–199, 225–226.
• Clementina Rind to John Blair, Robert Miller, James Southall, and John Tazewell, April 13, 1774, Virginia Historical Society, Richmond, Va.
• Appointment as public printer in John Pendleton Kennedy, Journals of the House of Burgesses of Virginia, 1773–1776, Including the Records of the Committee of Correspondence (1905), 77, 124–125.

• Jane Carson, "Clementina Rind," typescript research report, n.d., microfiche edition, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, Williamsburg, Va.
• Karen A. Weyler, Empowering Words: Outsiders and Authorship in Early America (2013), 165–203.
• Martha J. King, "Clementina Rind: Widowed Printer of Williamsburg," in Cynthia A. Kierner and Sandra Gioia Treadway, eds., Virginia Women: Their Lives and Times (2015), 1:74–94.

• Virginia Gazette (Pinkney), September 29, 1774; October 10, 1774 (memorial poem).
• Virginia Gazette (Purdie and Dixon), September 29, 1774 (fourth and fifth quotations).

Biographical Information 
 

• Biography in Twenty-Two Years' Work of the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute (1893), 73–74.

• Birth year and gravestone inscription, Pleasant Cemetery, Hampton, Virginia.

• Variant Jan. 1862 birth date in United States Census Schedules, Elizabeth City Co., 1900, Records of the Bureau of the Census, Record Group 29, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C.

• Marriage Register, Prince George Co., Bureau of Vital Statistics, Commonwealth of Virginia Department of Health, Record Group 36, Library of Virginia.

• Death Certificate, Elizabeth City Co., with date of death and erroneous age fifty-seven rather than seventy-five, Bureau of Vital Statistics, Commonwealth of Virginia Department of Health, Record Group 36, Library of Virginia.

• Brief biography in Luther Porter Jackson, Negro Office-Holders in Virginia, 1865–1895 (1945), 36, with frontispiece portrait.

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Political Career 
 

• Secretary of the Commonwealth, Election Records, 1776–1941, No. 24 (1887), State Government Records Collection, Record Group 13, Library of Virginia.

• Newport News Daily Press, March 13, 1908; July 23, 1909; Feb. 26, 1912.

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Obituaries 
 

• Death notice in Newport News Times-Herald, Dec. 8, 1932.

• Newport News Daily Press, Dec. 8, 1932.

• Norfolk Journal and Guide, Dec. 17, 1932.

• Southern Workman 62 (1933): 96.

Biographical Information 
 

• Full name in Catalogue of Howard University, for the Years 1869–1870 (1869), 14.

• Marriage in Arlington County Virginia Marriage Record 1865–1881, p. 128, Library of Virginia.

• Death certificate, Cook County, Illinois Department of Public Health, Division of Vital Records, Springfield, Illinois.

• Biography with some errors in Luther Porter Jackson, Negro Office-Holders in Virginia, 1865–1895 (1945), 36.

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Primary Sources 
 

• Birth date ("I was 30 last June" on 16 May 1873) and first quotation in testimony of Robert D. Ruffin, May 16, 1873, Case No. 4519, Barred and Disallowed Case Files, Southern Claims Commission, 1871–1880, in Records of the House of Representatives, Record Group 233, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C.

• Testimony of R.D. Ruffin, March 23, 1872, Affairs in the District of Columbia, 42d Congress, 2d session, 1872, House Report No. 72, serial 1542, 459–463.

• Commonwealth v. Robert D. Ruffin, Judgments, 1874, Arlington County Court Records, 1843–1944, Accession 43962, Library of Virginia.

• Dinwiddie County Order Book, 1873–1881, pp. 106, 173, 182, 206, Library of Virginia.

• Election results in Election Record no. 10 (1875), Secretary of the Commonwealth, Election Records, 1776–1941, Accession 26041, State Government Records Collection, Library of Virginia.

• Journal of the House of Delegates of the State of Virginia for the Session of 1875–6 (1875), esp. 307–311.

• City of Richmond Hustings Court Part I, Order Book 7 (1876), pp. 20, 34, 90, 190, Library of Virginia.

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Newspapers 
 

• Alexandria Gazette, June 22, 1871; November 5, 1873

• Richmond Daily Dispatch, August 20, 1875 (with erroneous account of service during American Civil War)

• Chicago Defender, February 3, 1912; September 13, 1913 (portrait)

• Chicago Daily Tribune, February 26, 1912

• Nashville Globe, October 17, 1913 (with parents' names)

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Obituaries 
 

• Chicago Broad Ax, December 16, 1916 (with variant death date of "last week" and second quotation)

• Birth and death dates on gravestone, Stonewall Jackson Memorial Cemetery, Lexington, Virginia
• Rockingham County Marriage Register, 1791–1852, Library of Virginia
• Correspondence and other materials in William Henry Ruffner Papers, 1850–1902, Presbyterian Heritage Center, Montreat, North Carolina
• Correspondence, diary (fifth quotation in entry for 29 September–3 October, 1890 on p. 133), and other materials in William Henry Ruffner Papers, 1848–1907, Accession 24814, Library of Virginia (finding aid available online)
• William Henry Ruffner Letters, 1905, Accession 44362, Library of Virginia
• William H. Ruffner Letters, 1855–1888, MS1977-003, Special Collections, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
• William Henry Ruffner, Presidents' Subject File, Greenwood Library, Longwood University, Farmville, Virginia

• Ruffner, Africa's Redemption: A Discourse on African Civilization in its Missionary Aspects, and in its Relations to Slavery and Abolition (1852), first quotation on 17–18
• Ruffner's addresses, articles, and instructions regularly appeared in Educational Journal of Virginia, vols. 1–13 (October 1870–February 1882), including second quotation in 6 (1875):517 and third and fourth quotations in 20 (1889): 247–248
• Ruffner's annual reports as superintendent of public instruction and as president of the State Female Normal School appear in Virginia School Report (1871–1881, 1885)

• Walter Javan Fraser, Jr., "William Henry Ruffner: A Liberal in the Old and New South" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Tennessee, 1970)
• Walter J. Fraser, Jr. "William Henry Ruffner and the Establishment of Virginia's Public School System, 1870–1874," Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, 79 (1971): 258–279
• Celestia Parrish, "William Henry Ruffner, LL.D.," Educational Journal of Virginia 20 (1889): 246–248

• Ruffner's debate with Robert Lewis Dabney printed in Educational Journal of Virginia 7 (1876): 352–362, 387–412, 453–458
• Virginia School Journal 9 (1900): 36, 38–40, 42–43

• Lexington Gazette, 26 November 1908; 2 December 1908 (editorial tribute)
• Southern Workman 38 (1909): 6–7
• Virginia Journal of Education 2 (1909): 1–3, 19

• James S. Russell, Adventure in Faith: An Autobiographic Story of St. Paul Normal and Industrial School, Lawrenceville, Virginia (1936).
• Feature article in Sunday Magazine Section of the Richmond Times-Dispatch, May 19, 1935
• Petersburg Register of Marriages (1853–1886), p. 121, Library of Virginia
• Property transactions recorded in Brunswick County Deed Books 43, 47, 48, 50, and 51, Library of Virginia
• Death Certificate, Brunswick County, Bureau of Vital Statistics, Commonwealth of Virginia Department of Health, Record Group 36, Library of Virginia
• Declaration of local sainthood in Episcopal Church in the Diocese of Southern Virginia: Journal of the One Hundred and Fifth Annual Council (1997), 53–54.

• Papers related to Saint Paul Normal and Industrial School in Records of the American Church Institute (1867–1968), Record Group 61, The Archives of the Episcopal Church, Seminary of the Southwest, Austin, Texas.
• Incorporation recorded in Acts and Joint Resolutions Passed by the General Assembly of the State of Virginia, During the Session of 1889–90 (1890), 890–891.
• Catalogue of the St. Paul Normal and Industrial School
• Saint Paul Bulletin
• "Fifty Years of Service, 1888–1938," Southern Workman 67 (March 1938): 73–85

• Russell's annual reports as Archdeacon for Colored Work in the Diocese of Southern Virginia's annual Journal, 1895–1932.

• Frances Ashton Thurman, "The History of Saint Paul's College, Lawrenceville Virginia, 1888–1959" (Ph.D. dissertation, Howard University, 1978).
• Odell Greenleaf Harris, The Bishop Payne Divinity School, Petersburg, Virginia, 1878–1949: A History of the Seminary To Prepare Black Men for the Ministry of the Protestant Episcopal Church (1980).
• Eric Anderson and Alfred A. Moss, Jr., Dangerous Donations: Northern Philanthropy and Southern Black Education, 1902–1930 (1999).
• Joseph M. Constant, No Turning Back: The Black Presence at Virginia Theological Seminary (2009).

• Richmond Times-Dispatch, March 29, 1935 (with editorial tribute); March 31, 1935 (with account of funeral)
• Richmond Planet, April 6, 1935
• Norfolk Journal and Guide, April 6, 1935 (with account of funeral)
• The Southern Missioner 45 (March–April 1935): 14–28 (with editorial tribute)
• Southern Workman 64 (May 1935): 132–135
• The Crisis 42 (May 1935): 151

• Gustav Körner, Das Deutsche Element in den Ueneinigten Staaten von Nordamerika, 1818–1848 (1880), 404–406 (with birth date).
• Handbuch des Preussischen Adels (1893), 2:516 (with full name, parents, and variant birth date of November 30, 1817).
• James Grant Wilson and John Fiske, eds., Appleton's Cyclopædia of American Biography (1889), 6:278–279 (with birth date).
• Paul Brandon Barringer, James Mercer Garnett, and Rosewell Page, eds., University of Virginia: Its History, Influence, Equipment and Characteristics with Biographical Sketches and Portraits of Founders, Benefactors, Officers and Alumni (1904), 1:355–356.
• John S. Patton, "Maximilian Schele De Vere" (with autobiographical fragment) in Library of Southern Literature, Edwin Anderson Alderman, et al., eds. (1909–1923), 11:4687–4692.

• Albemarle Co. Marriage Bonds (July 25, 1849, March 20, 1860)
• Compiled Service Records of Confederate Soldiers (1861–1865), War Department Collection of Confederate Records, Record Group 109, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C.
• Physical description and report of morphine use in Richard Thomas Walker Duke (1853–1926), "Recollections of My Early Life," 2:143–145, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va.
• Will in District of Columbia Register of Wills, Washington, D.C.
• Schele De Vere's correspondence in:
• Various collections in Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va.
• Letters to Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.
• Schele De Vere to Frederick Seward, March 13, 1861, in Abraham Lincoln Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
• George Frederick Holmes to Judah P. Benjamin, May 9, 1863, in George Frederick Holmes Correspondence, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
• William Mahone Papers, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Duke University, Durham, N.C.

• First marriage in Richmond Whig and Public Advertiser, July 31, 1849.
• Second marriage in Richmond Enquirer, March 30, 1860.
• Erroneous report in Richmond Enquirer, December 19, 1848, and elsewhere of his marrying Margaret C. Ward (Richmond Whig and Public Advertiser, July 31, 1849).
• Baltimore Sun, June 12, 1894
• Testimonials in Alumni Bulletin of the University of Virginia 1 (Nov. 1894): 77–80.

• Richmond Times, May 13, 1898
• Washington Post, May 13, 1898
• Alumni Bulletin of the University of Virginia 5 (Aug. 1898): 56

Biographical Information 
 

• United States Census Schedules, Nottoway Co., 1870 (age thirty-five), 1880 (age forty-five), 1900 (May 1836 birth date and age sixty-four), Records of the Bureau of the Census, Record Group 29, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C.

• R. G. Rutherford to Maj. J. R. Stone, Jan. 23, 1868 (quotation and age "about 35 years"), Roll 63, and Scott deposition in Nov. 25, 1867, case of assault, Roll 105, both in Records of the Field Offices for the State of Virginia (1865–1872), Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, Record Group 105, M1913, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C.

• Nottoway Co. Deed Books, 2:613–614; 6:129–130, 322–323; 8:310; 11:165; 12:797; 15:74, 173–175; 24:528; 25:355, 383–384 (last appearance on 5 Jan. 1909).

• Nottoway Co. Order Book, 4:56.

• Personal Property Tax Returns, 1908 (last year listed) and Land Tax Returns, 1909 (last year listed), both Nottoway Co., Auditor of Public Accounts, Record Group 48, Library of Virginia.

• Biography with death in 1908 in Luther Porter Jackson, Negro Office-Holders in Virginia, 1865–1895 (1945), 36, 38.

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Political Career 
 

• List of Colored Voters Polled in 2nd District, Nottoway Co., Oct. 22, 1867, Secretary of the Commonwealth, Election Records, 1776–1941, Military Rule Election Records (1867, 1869), Record Group 13, Library of Virginia.

• Secretary of the Commonwealth, Election Records, 1776–1941, Nos. 10 (1875), 14 (1879), 17 (1881), and 65 (1883), State Government Records Collection, Record Group 13, Library of Virginia.

• Journal of the House of Delegates of the State of Virginia (1875–1876 sess.), 49, 153, 193, 296–297, 378.

• Journal of the House of Delegates of the State of Virginia (1876–1877 sess.), 125.

• Journal of the House of Delegates of the State of Virginia (1879–1880 sess.), 29–30, 59–60, 156, 271, 404.

• Journal of the House of Delegates of the State of Virginia (1881–1882 sess.), 26, 31.

• Journal of the House of Delegates of the State of Virginia (1883–1884 sess.), 34–35, 137.

• Journal of the House of Delegates of the State of Virginia (1884 extra sess.), 242, 267.

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Newspapers 
 

• Farmville Mercury, Oct. 28, 1875.

• Richmond Daily Dispatch, Nov. 6, 1875; Aug. 17, 1876; May 1, 1880; Aug. 5, 1883.

• Richmond Dispatch, Aug. 21, 1891.

• Richmond Times, Sept. 26, 1900.

Biographical Information 
 

• 1841 and 1847 registration in Arlington County (Alexandria County) Free Negro Register, 1749–1841 (entry no. 749, with first quotation regarding age) and Free Negro Register, 1847–1861 (entry no. 176), both Library of Virginia

• Property transactions recorded in Alexandria City Deed Books, Library of Virginia

• First marriage in Arlington County, District of Columbia (Alexandria County), Marriage Bonds, Library of Virginia

• Second marriage in Alexandria City Marriage Register, 1870–1905, Library of Virginia

• Death Register, Alexandria City, 1881, Bureau of Vital Statistics, Commonwealth of Virginia Department of Health, Record Group 36, Library of Virginia (with variant death date of July 6, 1881)

• Alexandria Gazette, October 23, 1919

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Freedmen's Bureau 
 

• S. P. Lee to General Orlando Brown, April 10, 1867 in Reports on Prominent Whites and Freedmen, March–May 1867 in Records of the Assistant Commissioner for the State of Virginia (1865–1869), Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, Record Group 105, M1048, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C.

• Second quotation in S. P. Lee to General O. Brown, June 3, 1867, in Offices of Staff Officers, Quartermaster and Disbursing Officer, Registered Letters Received, in Records of the Field Offices for the State of Virginia, Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, 1865–1872, RG 105, Microfilm M1913, roll 23, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C.

• Articles of agreement, contracts, and correspondence relating to Seaton's construction of two schools in Registered Letters Received in the Records of the Field Offices for the State of Virginia, Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, 1865–1872, RG 105, Microfilm M1913, including rolls 27, 32, 43, and 46, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C.

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Political Career 
 

• 1869 election in General Orders and Circulars, Headquarters First Military District, 1869 (1870), "Summary of the result of the election for members of the House of Delegates of Virginia, held on the 6th day of July, 1869," 4

• Journal of the House of Delegates of the State of Virginia for the Session of 1870–71 (1871), 174, 199

• 1871 election in Statements of Election for House of Delegates, Secretary of the Commonwealth, Election Records, 1776–1941, no. 4 (1871), Accession 26041, barcode 1142949, State Government Records Collection, Library of Virginia

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Secondary Sources 
 

• Luther Porter Jackson, Negro Office-Holders in Virginia, 1865–1895 (1945), 38

• Peter Bernstein et al, The Life and Times of George Lewis Seaton, Alexandria Archaeology Publications, No. 121 (2001; printed 2003)

• Alton S. Wallace, I Once Was Young: History of the Alfred Street Baptist Church, 1803–2003 (2003), esp. 58–59

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Newspapers 
 

• Richmond Daily Dispatch, May 7, 1867

• Alexandria Gazette, April 11, 1868; June 18, 1868; June 11, 1869; July 11, 1871; October 18, 1871; October 27, 1871; April 22, 1873; February 10, 1875

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Obituaries 
 

• Alexandria Gazette, July 5, 1881 ("died about one o'clock this afternoon"); July 6, 1881

• Washington Post, July 6, 1881; July 8, 1881

• Washington Evening Star, July 7, 1881 (account of funeral)

• Washington People's Advocate, July 16, 1881

Biographical Information 
 

• Birth date in United States Census Schedules, Charlotte Co., 1900, Records of the Bureau of the Census, Record Group 29, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C.

• Charlotte Co. Deed Books 34:409, 35:57, 431, 36:332–333, 378–379.

• Marriage Register, Charlotte Co., Bureau of Vital Statistics, Commonwealth of Virginia Department of Health, Record Group 36, Library of Virginia.

• Marriage reported in Charlotte Gazette, March 5, 1885.

• Samuel Read v. Dabney N. Smith, Charlotte Co. Chancery Causes, 1890-003, Library of Virginia.

• Date of death at age sixty and place of burial in Charlotte Co., Death Certificate, Bureau of Vital Statistics, Commonwealth of Virginia Department of Health, Record Group 36, Library of Virginia.

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Political Career 
 

• Richmond Daily Whig, March 18, 1881 (first quotation).

• Charlotte Gazette, April 7, 1887 (second quotation).

• Secretary of the Commonwealth, Election Records, 1776–1941, No. 17 (1881) and 65 (1883), State Government Records Collection, Record Group 13, Library of Virginia.

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Secondary Sources 
 

• Biography in Luther Porter Jackson, Negro Office-Holders in Virginia, 1865–1895 (1945), 38–39, 60 (portrait), 79.

Primary Sources 
 

• United States Census Schedules, Greensville County, 1870 (age thirty-eight), 1880 (age forty-one), 1900 (Sept. 1834 birth date and age sixty-five), Records of the Bureau of the Census, Record Group 29, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C.

• Third marriage (with age forty-two on Dec. 7, 1880) in Greensville Co. Marriage License Book 4, 338.

• Greensville Co. Deed Books, 12:6–7, 287; 14:211, 242–245; 15:325–326; 17:499–501, 507–508; 19:22, 122–123, 285–286, 343–344; 20:508; 22:60–61, 254, 480–481, 625–626.

• Greensville Co. Order Books, 13:159, 287; 14:4, 135, 175; 20:236 (widow appointed administrator of Smith's estate on Dec. 2, 1901).

• Business activities documented in John H. Batte v. Henry D. Smith, Greensville Co. Chancery Cause, 1882-021 and in H. D. Smith v. Alexander Rae, Greensville Co. Chancery Cause, 1886-004.

• Some family information and Smith's last recorded appearance on July 16, 1901, in John Smith v. Truitt Vincent Co. Etc., Greensville Co. Chancery Cause, 1905-006, Library of Virginia.

• Smith's estate inventory in Greensville Co. Will Book 10:172–173.

• James T. Haley, comp., Afro-American Encyclopaedia (1896), 225 (second quotation).

• Luther Porter Jackson, Negro Office-Holders in Virginia, 1865–1895 (1945), 39.

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Political Career 
 

• Greensville County, Fourth Precinct, List of Colored Voters, 1867, Secretary of the Commonwealth, Election Records, 1776–1941, Military Rule Election Records (1867, 1869), Record Group 13, Library of Virginia.

• Secretary of the Commonwealth, Election Records, 1776–1941, No. 14 (1879), State Government Records Collection, Record Group 13, Library of Virginia.

• Journal of the House of Delegates of the State of Virginia (1879–1880 sess.), 30, 60, 105, 211, 386, 404.

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Newspapers 
 

• Richmond Whig, Nov. 6, 1879.

• Staunton Spectator, Nov. 11, 1879.

• Richmond Daily Dispatch, Nov. 6, 1879; Nov. 25, 1879.

• Warsaw Northern Neck News, Feb. 20, 1880 (first quotation).

Biographical Information 
 

• Biography with Mar. 6, 1844 birth date, middle name Marx, first marriage date, and portrait in Petersburg Lancet, Oct. 31, 1885.

• United States Census Schedules, Elizabeth City Co., 1870 (age twenty-seven) and 1880, (age thirty-seven), and 1900 (b. Mar. 1847 and age fifty-three), Hampton, 1910 (age sixty-two), and 1920 (age sixty-eight), all Records of the Bureau of the Census, Record Group 29, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C.

• Second marriage in Marriage Register, Richmond City, 1891 (age forty-seven), Bureau of Vital Statistics, Commonwealth of Virginia Department of Health, Record Group 36, Library of Virginia.

• Third marriage in Elizabeth City Co. Marriage Register 1 (1865–1908), age fifty-seven on May 4, 1904.

• Robert Armistead v. R. M. Smith, Elizabeth City Co. Chancery Cause, 1892-023.

• Robert M. Smith v. Lillie A. Smith, Elizabeth City Co. Chancery Causes, 1899-015 (with age forty-six on April 8, 1891) and 1901-001.

• Death Certificate, Hampton, with quotation, death date, and age "ab't 80," Bureau of Vital Statistics, Commonwealth of Virginia Department of Health, Record Group 36, Library of Virginia.

• Gravestone with death date and Mar. 14, 1847, birth date in Elmerton Cemetery, Hampton.

• Luther Porter Jackson, Negro Office-Holders in Virginia, 1865–1895 (1945), 39–40, who may have obtained information from his widow in the 1940s (with 1844 birth date and portrait on 77).

• Robert Francis Engs, Freedom's First Generation: Black Hampton, Virginia, 1861–1890 (1979).

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Political Career 
 

• Secretary of the Commonwealth, Election Records, 1776–1941, No. 10 (1875), No. 13 (1877), Record Group 13, Library of Virginia.

• Journal of the House of Delegates of the State of Virginia (1875–1876 sess.), 49, 245, 250, 252, 374.

• Journal of the House of Delegates of the State of Virginia (1876–1877 sess.), 101, 489.

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Newspapers 
 

• Norfolk Virginian, Nov. 5, 1875.

• Hampton Home Bulletin, June 20, 1885; Mar. 27, 1886; Apr. 10, 1886; Aug. 28, 1886; Sept. 4, 1886; Oct. 16, 1886; Oct. 23, 1886; Aug. 24, 1889; Aug. 31, 1889; Sept. 7, 1889; Dec. 7, 1889; Apr. 12, 1890.

• Newport News Daily Press, July 19, 1898; Sept. 10, 1898, March 13, 1908; Nov. 22, 1910.

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Obituaries 
 

• Washington, D.C., Evening Star, Feb. 13, 1923.

• Newport News Daily Press, Feb. 14, 1923; Feb. 15, 1923 (with middle name Marcus).

• Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart Papers (1791–1928) and Papers of Alexander H. H. Stuart and the Related Stuart and Baldwin Families, both in Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va.
• Stuart Family Papers, 1768–1912, Accession 29922, Library of Virginia.
• Alexander H. H. Stuart Papers (1865–1888) and Stuart Family Papers (1785–1881), both Virginia Historical Society, Richmond, Va.
• Birth, marriage, and death dates on gravestone, Thornrose Cemetery, Staunton, Va.
• Marriage recorded in Augusta County Marriage Records, 1813–1846.
• George H. Reese and William H. Gaines Jr., eds., Proceedings of the Virginia State Convention of 1861 (1965), esp. 3:163, 4:144.

• Alexander F. Robertson, Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart, 1807–1891, A Biography (1925).
• Alan B. Bromberg, "The Virginia Congressional Elections of 1865: A Test of Southern Loyalty," Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 84 (1976): 75–98.
• Scott H. Harris, "'The Great Unappreciated Man': A Political Profile of Alexander H. H. Stuart of Virginia" (M.A. thesis, College of William and Mary, 1988).

• Richmond Enquirer, November 22, 1861
• Richmond Daily Dispatch, December 25, 1868

• Staunton Spectator, February 18, 1891.
• Richmond Dispatch, February 14, 1891; February 15, 1891; February 17, 1891 (account of funeral).
• Richmond Times, February 14, 1891.

• United States Census Schedules, Appomattox Co., 1850 (age 36), 1860 (age 48), Records of the Bureau of the Census, Record Group 29, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C.
• Joseph A. Cave, A Jubilee of the Dramatic Life and Incident of Joseph A. Cave, Author, Manager, Actor, and Vocalist, ed. Robert Soutar (1892), 72 (third quotation).
• Death date of Oct. 29, 1860, at 50 years of age in Death Register, Appomattox Co., Bureau of Vital Statistics, Commonwealth of Virginia Department of Health, Record Group 36, Library of Virginia.

• Burke Davis, "The Swinging Sweeneys," Iron Worker 33 (Autumn 1969): 2–12.
• Phillip F. Gura and James F. Bollman, America's Instrument: The Banjo in the Nineteenth Century (1999).
• Bob Carlin, The Birth of the Banjo: Joel Walker Sweeney and Early Minstrelsy (2007), and author's research in Bob Carlin Research Notes, 1754–2006, Acc. 40709, Library of Virginia.

• Richmond Whig and Public Advertiser, Dec. 2, 1836 (fourth quotation); Dec. 9, 1836.
• New York Evening Post, April 16, 1839 (fifth quotation).
• New York Herald, Aug. 31, 1843; Oct. 12, 1843.
• Liverpool Chronicle, Feb. 24, 1844 (sixth quotation).
• Lynchburg Virginian, Dec. 11, 1845.
• Lynchburg News, Apr. 16, 1905 (second quotation); Mar. 13, 1960.
• Excerpt from 1890 letter about Sweeney from George W. Inge to J. E. Henning printed in the Cadenza 8 (Dec. 1901): 10–12 (first quotation on 11).
• Richmond Times-Dispatch, Aug. 13, 1967.

• Richmond Daily Dispatch, Oct. 31, 1860 (death "on Saturday evening, the 27th inst. [i.e., October]" at "about the age of forty-five years").
• Richmond Daily Whig, Oct. 31, 1860 (death "on Saturday evening, the 27th inst. [i.e., October]" at "about the age of forty-five years" and seventh quotation).

Primary Sources 
 

• United States Census Schedules, District of Columbia, 1860 (age twenty-two), Alexandria County, 1880 (age forty-one), and Brooklyn, New York, 1900 (with birth date of March 1839), Records of the Bureau of the Census, Record Group 29, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C.

• Secretary of the Commonwealth, Election Records, 1776–1941, No. 6 (1873), 13 (1877), and 117 (1882), Record Group 13, State Government Records Collection, Library of Virginia.

• Marriage at age forty-five in Manhattan Marriage Records, New York City Municipal Archives.

• Alexandria Co. Deed Book N4:504–506.

• Date of death at age eighty-one, middle name, and variant Cornelius as father in Death Records, Brooklyn, Kings, New York City Municipal Archives.

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Secondary Sources 
 

• Luther Porter Jackson, Negro Office-Holders in Virginia, 1865–1895 (1945), 41 (with 1835 year of birth), portrait on 52.

• "Some Black History in Arlington County: A Preliminary Investigation," Arlington Historical Magazine 5, no. 1 (1973): 15–16.

• Dorothea E. Abbott, "The Land of Maria Syphax and the Abbey Mausoleum," Arlington Historical Magazine 7, no. 4 (1984): 64–79.

• Joseph P. Reidy, "'Coming From the Shadow of the Past': The Transition from Slavery to Freedom at Freedmen's Village, 1863–1900," Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 95 (1987): 403–428, esp. 425–426.

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Newspapers 
 

• Political career covered in Alexandria Gazette (1870s–1890s), esp. June 4, 1877 (second quotation); Oct. 31, 1885 (third quotation); Mar. 20, 1886 (fourth quotation); May 4, 1887.

• Political career covered in Brooklyn Daily Eagle (1890s–1910s), esp. Oct. 20, 1908 (fifth quotation); Mar. 19, 1909.

• Richmond Daily Dispatch, Apr. 10, 1874; Aug. 20, 1875.

• Richmond Enquirer, Aug. 22, 1875 (first quotation).

• Washington Post, Jan. 29, 1879; Oct. 19, 1882; July 16, 1883.

• Wilmington, Del., Evening Journal, Oct. 20, 1892.

, 
Obituary 
 

• Death notice in Washington, D.C., Evening Star, Sept. 8, 1916.

• Nicholas Philip Trist Papers, Collection 02104, Southern Historical Collection, Wilson Library, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (with quotation in Virginia J. Randolph Trist and Nicholas P. Trist to Cornelia J. Randolph, December 31, 1860).
• Nicholas Philip Trist Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
• Nicholas Philip Trist Papers, 1791–1836, Virginia Historical Society, Richmond.
• Trist's correspondence in Trist, Burke, and Randolph Families (1832–1886) and in other collections at Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville.
• Trist correspondence and family history at Jefferson Quotes and Family Letters website of the Thomas Jefferson Foundation (including birth date in daughter Martha J. Trist Burke's Notes on Trist Family History, ca. Dec. 31, 1901).
• Marriage reported in Washington, D.C. Daily National Intelligencer, September 21, 1824.
• Death Register, Alexandria City, Bureau of Vital Statistics, Commonwealth of Virginia Department of Health, Record Group 36, Library of Virginia.

• Reply of N. P. Trist, Consul at Havana, to the Preamble and Resolutions Adopted by the Meeting of Ship Masters and Ship Owners at the City of New York…Being an extract from a document recently printed by order of the House of Representatives (Washington, D.C., 1840).
• Nicholas P. Trist, Reply of Nicholas P. Trist, Consul at Havana, to the Resolutions at a Meeting in Boston… (Washington, D.C., 1840).
• Nicholas P. Trist, Case of Captain Abraham Wendell, Jr., of the Brig Kremlin of New York, Arising from an Outrage Perpetrated by Him upon William Bell… (Washington, D.C., 1840).

• Albert Castel, "The Clerk Who Defied a President: Nicholas Trist's Treaty with Mexico," Virginia Cavalcade 34 (1985): 136–143.
• Robert W. Drexler, Guilty of Making Peace: A Biography of Nicholas P. Trist (1991).
• Wallace Ohrt, Defiant Peacemaker: Nicholas Trist in the Mexican War (1997).

• Alexandria Gazette, February 11, 1874, February 12, 1874
• New York World, February 12, 1874
• Richmond Daily State Journal, February 12, 1874
• Washington, D.C. National Republican, February 12, 1874
• Richmond Enquirer, February 14, 1874

Biographical and Family Information 
 

• Biography in Luther P. Jackson, Negro Office-Holders in Virginia, 1865–1895 (1945), p. 42, (occupation given as carpenter), portrait on p. 30.

• Family history in Augustus Turpin Granger, "Edwin Turpin of Goochland County, Virginia," Goochland County Historical Society Magazine 25 (1993): 21–28, and documented in Creditors of Edwin Turpin v. Administrator of Edwin Turpin, Goochland Co. Chancery Causes, 1902-004, Library of Virginia.

• Birth date in Goochland Co. Free Negro Register, 429.

• Goochland Co. Deed Book, 38:167–168 (emancipation); 40:494–495 (land purchase).

• U.S. Census Schedules, Goochland Co., 1860 and 1870, and New York Co. (Bronx Borough), 1900, Records of the Bureau of the Census, Record Group 29, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C.

• Parents' names, death date, burial place, and age seventy-two in Bronx Death Certificate, New York City Department of Health.

, 
Political Career 
 

• Richmond Daily Dispatch, October 24, 1871; October 11, 1873.

• Richmond Daily State Journal, October 25, 1871; February 28, 1872; October 10, 1873.

• Richmond Daily Whig, October 28, 1871.

• Secretary of the Commonwealth, Election Records, 1776–1941, no. 3 (1871) and no. 2 (1873), Accession 26041, State Government Records Collection, Library of Virginia.

• Report of contested election in Journal of the House of Delegates of the State of Virginia, for the Session of 1871–72 (1872), 47, 212–214.

• Acts and Joint Resolutions Passed by the General Assembly of the State of Virginia, at its Session of 1871–'72 (1872), 441 (quotation).

, 
Obituary 
 

• Death notice in Richmond Times-Dispatch, September 20, 1908 (with erroneous death date of September 6, 1908).

• Lucien Marcus Underwood, The Underwood Families of America, 2 vols. (1913), 1:375–377, with names of parents and date of birth.
• Fauquier County Marriage Bonds and Returns Book 5 (1830–1849), 185, Library of Virginia.
• Marriage recorded in Alexandria Gazette, November 9, 1839
• Correspondence and scrapbooks in John C. Underwood Papers, 1856–1898, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
• John C. Underwood Papers, Robert A. Brock Collection, Huntington Library, San Marino, California, microfilm in Library of Virginia (Accession 41008).
• Patricia P. Hickin, "John Curtis Underwood and the Antislavery Crusade, 1809–1860" (M.A. thesis, University of Virginia, 1961).
• Patricia Hickin, "John C. Underwood and the Antislavery Movement in Virginia, 1847–1860," Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 73 (1965): 156–168.

• Speech of John C. Underwood, at Alexandria, Va., July 4, 1863 (1863), first quotation on 5, second and third quotations on 6.
• Records of the United States Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, Record Group 21, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C.
• Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, 39th Cong., 1st sess., 1866, House Rept. 30, serial 1273, appended testimony, pt. 2, pp. 6–10 (fourth quotation on 7).
• The Debates and Proceedings of the Constitutional Convention of the State of Virginia, Assembled at the City of Richmond, Tuesday, December 3, 1867 (1868), esp. 7–8, 349, 425, 458–468 (tenth quotation on 458, eleventh quotation on 467), 527–528, 711 (ninth quotation).

• Patricia P. Hickin, "Antislavery in Virginia" (Ph.D. diss., University of Virginia, 1968), esp. 617–750.
• Richard G. Lowe, "The Republican Party in Antebellum Virginia, 1856–1860," Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 81 (1973): 259–279.

• New-York Daily Tribune, October 23, 1860
• Norfolk Post, October 2, 1865 (Underwood letter to Bayne)
• Richmond Daily Dispatch, May 7, 1867 (eighth quotation)
• New York Times, July 28, 1867 (fifth, sixth, and seventh quotations); January 10, 1869 (twelfth and thirteenth quotations); February 18, 1869 (fourteenth quotation)

• Washington, D.C., Evening Star, December 8, 1873
• Washington, D.C., New National Era and Citizen, December 18, 1873
• New York Christian Union, January 7, 1874

• Self-reported birth date in passport application, Aug. 18, 1868, General Records of the Department of State, Record Group 59, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C.
• Gilbert Carlton Walker Executive Papers, 1869–1873, Record Group 3, Accession 40233, Library of Virginia.
• Some letters in William Mahone Papers, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.

• National Cyclopædia of American Biography (1891–1984), 5:453–454 (with marriage date).
• Audrey Marie Cahill, "Gilbert Carleton Walker, Virginia's Redeemer Governor" (M.A. Thesis, University of Virginia, 1956).
• Crandall A. Shifflett, "Gilbert Carlton Walker, Carpetbag Conservative," in The Governors of Virginia, 1860–1978, ed. Edward Younger and James Tice Moore, 57–67 (portrait facing 57), 1982.
• Nelson Morehouse Blake, William Mahone of Virginia: Soldier and Political Insurgent (1935).
• Jack P. Maddex Jr., The Virginia Conservatives, 1867–1879: A Study in Reconstruction Politics (1970).
• Brent Tarter, A Saga of the New South: Race, Law, and Public Debt in Virginia (2016).

• Inaugural Address of Gov. Gilbert C. Walker, of Virginia, February 8th, 1870 (1870).
• Walker's messages to General Assembly in Journal of the House of Delegates of the State of Virginia (1869–1870 sess.), 26–29, and House Doc. VI, (1870–1781 sess.), 4–21, (1871–1872) sess., 5–30, and (1872–1873 sess.), 4–19, and House Doc. VI.
• Walker's veto messages in Journal of the House of Delegates of the State of Virginia (1869–1870 sess.), 668–671, 768, (1871–1872 sess.), 106–111, 386–389.
• Congressional speeches in Congressional Record, 44th Cong., 1st sess., 3368–3371, 2d sess., 1039–1041, 45th Cong., 1st sess., 159–160, 2d sess., Appendix, 52–53.
• Public Lands for Educational Purposes. Speech of Hon. Gilbert C. Walker, of Virginia, in the House of Representatives, May 29, 1876 (1876).
• Counting the Electoral Votes. Speech of Hon. Gilbert C. Walker, of Virginia, in the House of Representatives, January 25, 1877 (1877).
• National Landmarks: Address of the Hon. Gilbert C. Walker, of Virginia: Delivered before the Tammany Society, July 4, 1878 (1878).

• New York Sun, May 12, 1885.
• New York Times, May 12, 1885.
• Richmond Dispatch, May 12, 1885 (quotation).

• Birth and death dates on gravestone, Rock Creek Cemetery, Washington, D.C.
• First wife and children documented in Estate of Millicent H. Wells, Probate Court, Wayne County, Mich.
• National Cyclopædia of American Biography (1891–1984), 5:453.
• Robert B. Ross, The Early Bench and Bar of Detroit from 1805 to the End of 1850 (1907), 215–216 (with variant birthplace of Romeo, Michigan).
• Patricia Hickin, "Henry Horatio Wells: The Rise and Fall of a Carpetbagger," in The Governors of Virginia, 1860–1978, eds. Edward Younger and James Tice Moore (1982), 47–55.

• Wells, To the Republicans of Virginia (n.p., n.d. [Richmond, 1868]), with June 21, 1865, letter to S. Ferguson Beach (quotation) and inaugural address.
• Alexandria Gazette, June 23, 1865, p. 3.
• Richmond Daily Enquirer and Examiner, April 6–8, 1868; May 7, 1868; March 10, 11, 1869
• Henry H. Wells Executive Papers, Record Group 3, Accession 43756, Library of Virginia.
• Correspondence in William Mahone Papers, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Duke University, Durham, N.C.
• Richard Lowe, Republicans and Reconstruction in Virginia, 1856–70 (1991).

• Washington, D.C., Evening Star, February 13, 1900; February 15, 1900 (account of funeral)
• New-York Daily Tribune, February 14, 1900
• New York Times, February 14, 1900
• Washington Post, February 15, 1900

Biographical Information 
 

• United States Census Schedules, Brunswick Co. 1870 (age fifteen), 1880 (age twenty-five), 1900 (age forty-five, but no month or year of birth provided on the census form), 1910 (age fifty-five), Records of the Bureau of the Census, Record Group 29, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C.

• Brunswick County Certificate of Marriage, 1881 (with age twenty-seven on Dec. 29).

• Brunswick County Deed Books, 43:143–144, 44:418, 51:419–420.

• Personal Property Tax Returns, Brunswick Co., 1915, and Land Tax Returns, Brunswick County, 1916, both in Auditor of Public Accounts, Record Group 48, Library of Virginia.

• V. W. Rawlings v. M. C. Wheeler, etc., Brunswick County Chancery Cause, 1894–022, Library of Virginia.

• Death Certificate (with first name Mack and death at "about sixty-two" years of age), Brunswick County, Bureau of Vital Statistics, Commonwealth of Virginia Department of Health, Record Group 36, Library of Virginia.

• Biography with birth date of 1854 in Luther Porter Jackson, Negro Office-Holders in Virginia, 1865–1895 (1945), 43.

, 
Political Career 
 

• Secretary of the Commonwealth, Election Records, 1776–1941, No. 65 (1883), State Government Records Collection, Record Group 13, Library of Virginia.

• Journal of the House of Delegates of the State of Virginia (1883–1884 sess.), 34–35, 290, 482, 637.

• Journal of the House of Delegates of the State of Virginia (1884 extra sess.), 266–267.

, 
Newspapers 
 

• Baltimore Sun, Aug. 31, 1883 (quotation).

• Alexandria Gazette, Feb. 18, 1884.

• Richmond Dispatch, Sept. 2, 1886.

• Richmond Times-Dispatch, April 8, 1903.

Biographical Information 
 

• United States Census Schedules, Brunswick Co., 1870 (age forty-one, born in Virginia), 1880 (age forty-six, born in North Carolina), 1900 (age fifty-five, born March 1845 in Virginia), Records of the Bureau of the Census, Record Group 29, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C.

• Brunswick Co. Deed Books, 42:693–694, 44:23–24, 103–104, 155–156, 45:279, 365–366 46:200–201, 47:351 (third quotation), 445, 49:43, 539 (fourth quotation).

• Brunswick Co. Release Deed Book, 1:17.

• N. L. Claiborne et al. v. R. H. Whittaker et al., Brunswick Co. Chancery Cause, 1913-007, Library of Virginia.

• Brief biography in Luther Porter Jackson, Negro Office-Holders in Virginia, 1865–1895 (1945), 43.

, 
Political Career 
 

• Petersburg Index, June 1, 1871.

• Richmond Daily State Journal, Aug. 23, 1873; Jan. 9, 1874 (first quotation).

• Washington, D.C., New National Era, Aug. 6, 1874 (second quotation).

• Richmond Daily Dispatch, Sept. 1, 1873; Aug. 20, 1875; Feb. 3, 1876.

• Petersburg Index and Appeal, Oct. 24, 1877.

• Richmond Daily Whig, March 18, 1881.

• Brunswick Co. Order Book, 40:268

• Secretary of the Commonwealth, Election Records, 1776–1941, Election Record No. 6 (1873) and No. 10 (1875), Record Group 13, State Government Records Collection, Library of Virginia.

• Journal of the House of Delegates of the State of Virginia (1874 sess.), 41, 126.

• Journal of the House of Delegates of the State of Virginia (1874–1875 sess.), 332, 344.

• Journal of the House of Delegates of the State of Virginia (1875–1876 sess.), 49, 366.

, 
Obituary 
 

• Brief obituary in unidentified newspaper clipping dated only Sept. 8, reporting death "last night" at age "about seventy" and another obituary of a Brunswick Co. woman who is known to have died on 2 Sept. 1905, Dictionary of Virginia Biography research files, Library of Virginia.